Charles Kingsley: The 20th Century Critical Heritage 

Huxley, Leonard. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. 2 Vols. (New York: D. Appleton, 1901, c1900).
Particularly interesting are two letters from Huxley to Kingsley. The first is a reply (23 September, 1860) to a letter of sympathy from Kingsley regarding the death of Huxley’s young son in which Kingsley sets forth his views on the purpose of life and his belief in immortality. Huxley’s letter is friendly and respectful but displays very different views on religion to those of Kingsley. The second letter (8 November 1866) sets forth Huxley’s reasons for joining the Jamaica Committee which advocated the prosecution of Governor Eyre. Kinsley was a supporter of Eyre. 
Huxley, T.H. ;  Eyre, Governor ; Religion ; Science.

Stoddard, Francis Hovey.  The Evolution of the English Novel (London: Macmillan, 1909; first published 1900).
In his examination of the English novel of purpose, Stoddard declares that Yeast and Alton Locke are slighter and less important than Mrs. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the problem of slavery being far more serious than the social, industrial and political questions dealt with by Kingsley.  Nevertheless, the latter’s novels were influential in highlighting these questions and in so doing “notably advanced the cause of freedom” in England (174). 
Social and Political Novel ; Yeast ; Alton Locke .

Beers, Henry Augustin. A History of English Romanticism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Gordian Press, 1966; first published 1901).
In Beer’s short consideration of  The Saint’s Tragedy he writes that the work provided a vehicle for Kingsley’s militant Protestantism and his fervent anti-Catholicism. He also argues that Kingsley intended the drama to repudiate the attraction that romance had given to medieval life. 
Saint's Tragedy, The

Howells, W. D.  “Charles Kingsley’s Hypatia ,” in Heroines of Fiction Vol. II (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1901): 1-13.
Howells examines the novel Hypatia and concludes that it was not an artistic success.  Though capable of writing a greater work about fifth century Alexandria, Kingsley failed in his attempt mainly due to the weak representation of Hypatia herself, an unattractive and “rather repellent” character (6).  Howells considers Kingsley’s novel to be on a far higher plane than Bulwer Lytton’s The Last Days of Pompeii , yet falls below it in artistic effect.  While Bulwer was at least a melodramatist, “Kingsley was no dramatist at all, but an exalted moralist willing to borrow the theatre for the ends of the church.  If we realize this we shall understand why his figures seem to have come out of the property-room by way of the vestry” (8).  Howells praises Alton Locke for its potent protest against aspects of society’s injustices, yet criticizes it on artistic grounds as being excessively polemical. 
Hypatia; Characterization in Novels ; Reception of Kingsley's Works ; Lytton, Bulwer .

Paul, Herbert W. Men & Letters (London; New York: John Lane, 1901).
Paul very briefly discusses Kingsley the novelist, declaring that he was a real poet whose poetry will likely outlast his novels. 
Novels.

Griswold, Hattie Tyng.  Home Life of Great Authors .  7th ed. (Chicago: McClurg, 1902): 363-371.
Griswold presents a short account of Kingsley’s life and works with particular attention to his life in the parish of Eversley.  She provides little critical analysis. 
Overview ; Eversley .

Brunskill, F. R.  “Charles Kingsley's Social Philosophy,” Primitive Methodist Quarterly Review Vol. 25 (April 1903): 340-349.
Brunskill gives an ornate account of Kingsley’s work on behalf of the poor and less privileged and discusses his social and political views. 
Social and Political Views ; Social and Political Novel .

See Cazamian1973

Hale, Louise Closser. “Venezuela and Kingsley’s Westward Ho!” Bookman Vol. 18 (18 October, 1903): 129-135.
Closser briefly considers La Guayra, Venezuela, as represented in Westward Ho! and compares it with the same town of her own day. The article, illustrated with several drawings, displays a certain supercilious attitude to the South American Spanish that Kingsley himself might have found congenial. 
Westward Ho! .

McCabe, Joseph. “Hypatia,” The Critic 43, no. 3 (September 1903): 267-272.
McCabe strongly criticizes Kingsley’s depiction of Hypatia in the novel of the same name. It is “gravely unjust and misleading”. It is far from a true historical account, McCabe contending that an assiduous examination of the admittedly sparse authorities would result in “a far more commanding personage” than Kingsley’s portrait. In particular, the historical Hypatia, argues McCabe, was a much more serious and prominent intellectual figure in Alexandria than the picture presented by Kingsley. “It is impossible to conceive her pouring out the dithyrambs in which Mr. Kingsley’s naïve maiden delights, or as allying herself with a repulsive old hag in a series of incantations to Apollo and believing he would appear in bodily form” (271). 
Hypatia.

Stoddard, Charles Warren. “Charles Kingsley and Westminster Abbey,” 149-160 in Exits and Entrances: A Book of Essays and Sketches. (Boston: Lothrop, 1903)
Stoddard discusses a visit he paid to Westminster Abbey to lunch with Kingsley, Canon of the Abbey. He comments on Kingsley’s life and writings as well as on the history and beauty of the Abbey. 
Overview.

Woodworth, Arthur V. Christian Socialism in England. (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1903).
In this work Woodworth traces the history of Christian Socialism from its beginnings under Maurice and Kingsley to its manifestation in the Christian Social Union. The work of Kingsley figures strongly in the first chapter, “Early Christian Socialists”. 
Christian Socialism. 

Adcock, A. St. John. “The Kingsleys,” The Bookman, January 1904, 167-173.
Adcock provides a brief, mainly laudatory, account of Kingsley’s life and works. He stresses that Kingsley will be remembered more for his literary skills, as a historical romancist, a novelist, and as a writer of ballads, than as a priest or reformer. Though acknowledging that the confrontation with Newman was regrettable for Kingsley, Adcock considers that the frequent representation of Kingsley as aggressive and ferocious is erroneous. Rather Kingsley was moved by sincerity and in his numerous controversies “was actuated more by a genuine sense of duty than by any natural inclination” (171). 
Overview. 

Moulton, Charles Wells (ed.).  The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors Vol. VII (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1959 (c1904])
This is a collection of about 90 short extracts from mainly nineteenth century writings about diverse aspects of Kingsley’s life and work. It is particularly useful as an introduction to nineteenth century Kingsleyan studies. 
Overview. 

Dawson, W. J.  "Charles Kingsley," in The Makers of English Fiction. 2nd ed. (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1905): 179-190.
In this overview of Kingsley's life and works Dawson assigns Kingsley a high place in the secondary order of novelists, declaring that his failure to attain the highest rank is due to his versatility. While Dawson considers that none of his novels were as fine as The Cloister and the Hearth or Lorna Doone , he deems that Kingsley exerted a greater influence on his age than either Reade or Blackmoore, "an influence subtle and peculiar, based in part on personality, in part on the nature of his message" (179). 
Overview ; Novels .

Paul, Herbert. The Life of Froude (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1905).
Briefly discusses the friendly relationship between Froude and Kingsley as well as Froude’s criticisms of the latter’s politics and theology. 
Froude .

Friswell, Laura Hain. In the Sixties and Seventies: Impressions of Literary People and Others (Boston: Herbert B. Turner, 1906).
In this work of recollections Friswell briefly discusses her father’s and her own relationship with Kingsley. She writes affectionately of Kingsley and provides some interesting anecdotes. 
Overview ;

Lord, Walter Frewen.  “The Kingsleys,” in his The Mirror of the Century (London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1906): 188-203.
Lord discusses the life and work of the two brothers Henry and Charles Kingsley, focusing on their novels.  “As regards the work of Charles Kingsley, we shall have to say that over-emphasis destroyed the artistic effect that he would fain have produced.  A not dissimilar lack of finish is perceptible in the work of Henry Kingsley, owing to his eagerness to produce.  A little more mental concentration in the case of both; a little more deliberation in the case of Charles, and a little more earnestness in the case of Henry, and the world of letters would have been enriched by two great artists.  As it is – proxime accesserunt” (202). 
Overview ; Novels ; Kingsley, Henry .

Melville, Lewis.  "Charles Kingsley," in his Victorian Novelists (London: Archibald Constable, 1906): 106-124.
Melville reviews Kingsley’s life and works.  He praises some of  Kingsley’s shorter poems though considering that his poetry in general is not up to the standard of his romances.  Yeast is more a pamphlet than a novel and is spoiled by Kingsley’s dissertations on his own views.  Though the story of Alton Locke is slight, the novel’s characterization is superior to that of Yeast .  Melville praises Hypatia for its “brilliant and forcible picture of life”, for its fine characterization, and its good planning.  It is, however, “sometimes stagey, and often melodramatic, and not infrequently grandiloquent” (114, 118).  Westward Ho! is Kingsley’s most successful novel though it does not quite reach the level of Hypatia .  Melville singles out Kingsley’s command of language and his scene-painting. “. . . it is this power of description that distinguishes him above his contemporaries, with the exception, perhaps of Disraeli; indeed, places him in this respect above all writers since Scott, and even Scott’s landscape does not always seem so spontaneous” (124). 
Overview ; Novels ; Poetry ; Characterization in Novels .

Rhys, Ernest.  "Introduction," Westward Ho!  (London: Dent, 1906): 1-7.
In this brief introduction to Westward Ho! Rhys though mentioning that the story is lacking in historical accuracy and is full of Kingsley's prejudices nevertheless lauds highly Kingsley's descriptions and vivid writing style. 
History.

Goldberg, F. S.  “Kingsley and the Social Problems of His Day,” The Westminster Review Vol. 167 (Jan. 1907): 41-49.
Goldberg provides a rathernaïveaccount of Kingsley’s work on behalf of the poor and working classes and considers his views on social problems as expressed in his novels.  Though Kingsley believed that all men are equal in the eyes of God, he was not a socialist.  Rather, while their social conditions must be alleviated, it was right that the working classes should be governed by the upper classes. 
Social and Political Views ; Yeast ; Two Years Ago .

Nichols, May Ellis.  “In Kingsley-Land,” Book News Monthly Vol. 25 (June 1907): 670-674.
Nichols describes a “pilgrimage” she took through the West Country following in the footsteps of Amyas Leigh and others from Westward Ho! and visiting the scenes depicted in the novel. 
Westward Ho! ; Devon ; Cornwall .

Goldberg, F. S.  “Kingsley and the Social Problems of His Day,” The Westminster Review Vol. 167 (Jan. 1907): 41-49.
Goldberg provides a rathernaïveaccount of Kingsley’s work on behalf of the poor and working classes and considers his views on social problems as expressed in his novels.  Though Kingsley believed that all men are equal in the eyes of God, he was not a socialist.  Rather, while their social conditions must be alleviated, it was right that the working classes should be governed by the upper classes. 
Social and Political Views ; Yeast ; Two Years Ago .

Rhys, Ernest. “Introduction.” vii-ix in Charles Kingsley. Hereward the Wake. London: Dent, 1908).
Rhys commenting on the adverse criticism Kingsley received from historians for his representation of Hereward, nevertheless observes that his lack of historical acumen was well compensated by his skills as a saga maker. “The result is another of those valiant open-air romances, through which blows the very breath of the English countrysides – woodland, moorland, or fenland – and which help to stimulate a keener feeling in the people who read them about the people who inhabited there in the old time. Among the English romancers who opened the way into history, Charles Kingsley, despite his imaginative bravado and reckless hurry of the pen, is still one of the most invigorating” (x). 
Hereward the Wake; History.

Wedgwood, Julia.  Nineteenth Century Teachers and Other Essays (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1909).
This is a summary of Kingsley’s life and works.  There is little critical analysis. 
Overview .

Chapman, Edward Mortimer.  English Literature in Account with Religion 1800-1900 (Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1910).
Chapman devotes several pages to a cursory outline of Kingsley’s life and works. 
Overview .

Graves, Charles L. Life and Letters of Alexander Macmillan (London: Macmillan, 1910)
This biography of Alexander Macmillan of Macmillan’s publishers makes frequent reference to Kingsley and provides extracts from the correspondence between Kingsley and the Macmillans. 
Macmillan's .

Saintsbury, George. A History of English Prosody From the Twelfth Century to the Present Day . Vol. 3 (London; New York: Macmillan,  1910).
Saintsbury reviews Kingsley’s poetry declaring that though his poetical oeuvre was small it nevertheless resulted in “delightful flowers.” Referring specifically to Andromeda he speaks highly of Kingsley’s skills proclaiming him a deft master of practical versification. 
Poetry.

Benson, Arthur C.  “The Leaves of the Tree,” North American Review No. 669 (August 1911): 282-301.
Benson discusses Kingsley’s life, character, and works, paying particular attention to his life at Eversley.  He provides personal recollections of having met Kingsley as a child and relates other stories about Kingsley told him by his father. 
Overview ; Eversley .

Noel, Conrad.  Socialism in Church History (Milwaukee: Young Churchman, 1911).
Noel discusses the “socialist” views and work of Kingsley and Maurice and relates them to their religious beliefs.  He denies that they were broad Churchmen; rather “they protested against broad Churchism as being almost as anti-Christian as Puseyism or popular Protestantism.  Their lives were devoted to the revival of the Catholic democratic Faith” (245). 
Religion ; Christian Socialism ; Maurice . 

Gribble, Francis. The Romance of the Men of Devon. London: Mills and Boon, 1912.
In this survey of famous Devonians Gribble provides a short overview of Kingsley’s life, work, and writings. Though Kingsley only spent a short part of his life in Devon, he was always proud to have come from there. Referring in particular to Kingsley’s acceptance of the Regius Professorship of History at Cambridge, to his controversy with Newman, and to his Christian Socialist views, Gribble writes that he was “prejudiced and muddle-headed” though not as much as most other early and mid-Victorians (242). Still, Kingsley, according to Gribble, deserves praise as both a patriot and a poet. 
Overview.

Russell, George W. E. “Charles Kingsley.” 36-49 in Afterthoughts. London: Grant Richards, 1912.
In this short essay Russell provides a summary of Kingsley’s life and works. He states that his justification for writing about Kingsley was twofold: he knew him personally and Yeast, in which Kingsley “uttered his soul”, strongly influenced the formation of his own opinions. 
Overview.

Ward, Wilfrid. “Introduction.” v-xxx in Newman's Apologia Pro Vita Sua. The Two Versions of 1864 & 1865 Preceded by Newman's and Kingsley's Pamphlets. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913.
In this introduction Ward considers how Newman reacted to Kingsley’s accusations. He shows that Newman’s treatment of Kingsley in the 1864 original composition of the Apologia betrayed a distinct anger, a sentiment that contributed, many felt, to the work’s great success. However, in the 1865 edition, intended as the permanent document, Newman deleted his more angry retorts. 
Newman Controversy.

Ward, Wilfrid. “The Writing of the ‘Apologia’” 1-46 in The Life of John Henry Cardinal Newman. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green, 1913.
Ward treats the writing of Newman’s Apologia including the events that led up to it. Ward is largely critical of Kingsley’s role. 
Newman Controversy.

Nairne, Alexander. Poems, by Charles Kingsley: A Lecture Delivered Before the Chester Society of Natural Science, Literature, and Art, on March 4th, 1915. Chester: G.R. Griffith, 1915.
In this short lecture Nairne discusses the art of Kingsley’s poetry against the background of Kingsley the man and his work. Nairne concludes: “The impression left by a first swift reading of his poems is that their form is quite unstudied; the words seem to have fallen into their places of themselves. And a second, more observant reading seems to confirm this impression. There is a freedom, almost a roughness, in his use of extra syllables, and it does look like carelessness when we find two pieces entitled ‘Sonnet,’ one of which has only thirteen, the other seventeen lines. But further study alters the impression. Whether Kingsley was essaying a bold (not wholly unparalleled) innovation, or whether he was actually ignorant of, or (more likely) careless about the technical meaning of the word ‘sonnet,’ the workmanship of both pieces is excellent. Nor are the extra syllables let in at random, but in every case serve to adjust the sound to the sense and effect something that was desired. . . . That might come by instinct, but instinct of that kind is generally the final result of long and patient apprenticeship to an art” (24). 
Poetry.

Ward, A. W. and A. R. Waller (eds.). The Cambridge History of English Literature Vol. XIII, Part II  (New York, Putnam’s Sons, 1917): 392-410.
This is an overview of Kingsley's life and works with particular focus on his novels.  Kingsley's strong imagination and vivid descriptive style are singled out for especial praise. 
Overview; Social and Political Views ; Novels.

Courtney, Janet E.  “Charles Kingsley,” Fortnightly Review Vol. 105 (Jan-June 1919): 949-957.
In the centenary year of Kingsley’s birth Courtney offers a brief general outline of the author’s life and principal works.  She praises Kingsley’s historical novels for their readability though acknowledging the presence of many didactic passages.  She criticizes, however, the modern novels, i.e. Yeast, Two Years Ago , and Alton Locke for their old-fashionedness.  Their chief merit lies in their treatment of social questions rather in their literary skill.  On the other hand, Courtney lauds the children’s stories for their charm and ability to delight. Courtney also discusses the somewhat overlooked study of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, The Saint’s Tragedy (1848).  Though stressing the great interest and attention Kingsley paid to this early work, Courtney criticizes its pervasive didacticism.  “It is a sermon against monkishness and in praise of wedded love, more interesting to read, no doubt, than Kingsley’s sermons strictly so-called, but it does not differ from them essentially” (954). 
Overview ; Saint’s Tragedy, The ; Social and Political Novel .

Melville, Lewis.  “The Centenary of Charles Kingsley,” Contemporary Review Vol. 115 (June 1919): 670-674.
Melville’s appreciation of Kingsley’s life and works contains little that he did not write in his 1906 Victorian Novelists .  However, he is more certain this time that Westward Ho! is Kingsley’s best work.  “The deeds of derring–do in the South Seas and on the Spanish Main, and the story of the defeat of the great Armada are admirably told, and are comparable with similar episodes in the best works of any other author.  There Kingsley is at his best, and his best is very good indeed” (674). 
Overview ; Poetry ; Characterization in Novels ; Westward Ho! .

Roberts, R. Ellis.  “Charles Kingsley (1819-1875),” Bookman Vol. 56 (June 1919): 97-102.
Roberts provides an overview of Kingsley’s life and works.  He considers Westward Ho! to be Kingsley’s most satisfactory novel and The Water-Babies his “best book” praising in particular the latter’s story and songs.  Roberts also briefly mentions the Newman controversy, declaring that Kingsley’s inability to understand Newman was due to more than his distaste for the Roman Church.  Rather, Kingsley “had long ago closed his mind to the idea that truth was not the possession of the English nation as expressed by the English Church.  He had never pursued truth wherever it led as had Newman” (97). 
Overview ; Westward Ho!

Blore, G. H.  “Charles Kingsley,” in his Victorian Worthies: Sixteen Biographies (London: Oxford University Press, 1920): 177-195.
Blore provides a sketch of Kingsley’s life and principal works. 
Overview .

Elton, Oliver. A Survey of English Literature 1830-1880. Vol. II. 309-316. London: Edward Arnold, 1920.
Elton presents a broad overview of Kingsley’s life and works. Yeast is not really a novel but “a kind of pamphlet-fantasy” in which the authorial commentary renders Kingsley himself the most distinct character (310). However, the work reveals promise of the future novelist. The true power of Alton Locke lies in its pictures rather than its ideas. Hypatia is praised for its drama and the passion and action of the story. Westward Ho!, more “a saga than a novel with a plot” (311), is lauded for its action, its enthusiasm, and its fine scene painting. Though Two Years Ago has excessive moralizing, “Kingsley is himself again whenever he gets back to landscape or to narrative” (312). Hereward the Wake suffers from a surfeit of the professor and a paucity of the artist. The Heroes receives high praise for its style, its descriptions, its appeal to children. Elton also lauds Kingsley’s “fervid picturesqueness” in a number of his shorter works, particularly his naturalist depictions in At Last. The Water-Babies though popular “is a good book badly spoilt” (314). Elton commends Kingsley’s poetic power, particularly his lyric and narrative poems. “He is one of the few poets of the time who make us wish cordially that he had written more” (315). 
Overview; Novels; Poetry.

Raven, Charles E. Christian Socialism 1848-1854. London: Macmillan, 1920.
Raven discusses Kingsley's contribution to the Christian Socialist movement. He praises Kingsley's sincere and influential involvement at the commencement of the campaign -- "without him it could never have achieved its speedy recognition or its lasting influence" (97). However, he considers that his participation became increasingly problematic as the movement proceeded due to those personal faults that grew more prominent later in his career: "in view of them we cannot altogether regret the fact that he dropped out of the movement before he found a Newman to bring destruction upon him and it together" (101). 
Christian Socialism.

Williams, Stanley.  "'Yeast': A Victorian Heresy," North American Review Vol. 212 (November 1920): 697-704.
Williams discusses Yeast , paying particular attention to the novel’s characterization and such themes as antipathy to Roman Catholicism and the espousal of Christian Socialism.  Though he discerns distinct problems with the novel, for example its lack of genus, he praises its pervasive sincerity and Kingsley’s palpable ardor as well as its presentation of important Victorian disputes and movements.  While students of Victorian literature will readily discern the problems of this “potpourri”, “they will understand the Victorians better, and so think their reading worth while” (704). 
Yeast; Catholicism ; Christian Socialism .

Martineau, Violet. John Martineau, The Pupil of Kingsley. London: Edward Arnold, 1921. 
There is frequent mention of Kingsley in this short account of the life of John Martineau written by his daughter. Martineau became a private pupil of Kingsley in his house in 1850 when he was fifteen years old. He remained there for a year and a half. He was strongly influenced by Kingsley during this time and he maintained the relationship during later life. Violet Martineau has collected in this biography many letters written by her father. These letters have numerous references to Kingsley. 
Martineau, John.

Paget, Stephen. “The Water-Babies.” 102-116 in I Have Reason to Believe. London: Macmillan, 1921. 
This is a personal laudatory appreciation of The Water-Babies. Though admitting that it is not a book for children because of its numerous digressions, Paget declares “I would not give my copy of the Water-Babies for a wilderness of mad hatters” (105). 
The Water-Babies.

Hearn, Lafcadio.  Appreciations of Poetry (London: William Heinemann, 1922).
In his examination of Kingsley’s poetry Hearn declares that he wrote the best hexameters and the best songs of the period and gives especial praise to “Sands of Dee”.  On the other hand, he is very critical of the dramatic work “The Saint’s Tragedy” and declares that instances of “rubbish” reside in Kingsley’s poetic oeuvre.  Still, “the jewels among that rubbish have a peculiar colour and splendour that distinguish them from everything else written during the same period” (297). 
Poetry .

Saintsbury, George.  A History of English Prose Rhythm (London: Macmillan, 1922).
In a brief consideration Saintsbury praises Kingsley's rhythmic and metrical style in some of his prose works, particularly Westward Ho!. 
Prose Rhythm .

Brown, William Henry. Charles Kingsley: The Work and Influence of Parson Lot (Manchester: The Co-Operative Union, 1924).
Brown, an acquaintance of J. M Ludlow, provides a book length overview of Kingsley’s life and work focusing in particular on his “Parson Lot” period. Though excessively complimentary and lacking in critical rigor, this biography offers some interesting insights. 
Full Book Treatment ; Overview.

Jewitt, Arthur Russell.  “Charles Kingsley: An Appreciation,” Dalhousie Review Vol. 4 (July 1924): 193-202.
Jewitt provides a short general overview of Kingsley’s life and works.  He stresses what posterity owes to Kingsley’s endeavors in such areas as sanitation and the franchise and to his influence in the enactment of factory acts, workmen’s compensation acts, better poor laws, and the right to form trade unions.  However, Jewitt offers little deep analysis and less negative criticism.  His treatment is gushing and ornate as in “Charles Kingsley enriched English literature by the originality and imagination of his genius, quickened and enlivened public opinion by his life of ideal behaviour and resonant golden deeds, leaving the world better than he found it, going to his reward recognized, revered, and loved, a ‘gallant knight-errant of God’” (202) 
Overview ; Social and Political Views . 

Brown, W. Henry.  “Maurice, Kingsley and Hughes,” The Manchester Quarterly Vol. 51 (1925): 253-68.
Brown considers the life and works of Kingsley interweaving them with those of Maurice and Hughes.  All is laudatory with little critical analysis. 
Overview ; Hughes, Thomas ; Maurice .

Weygandt, Cornelius.  A Century of the English Novel, Being a Consideration of the Place in English Literature of the Long Story, Together with an Estimate of its Writers from the Heyday of Scott to the Death of Conrad (New York: Century, 1925): 165-168.
In his short treatment of Kingsley the novelist, Weygandt declares that Westward Ho! is his best known novel and praises both Hypatia and Hereward the Wake , the latter being his “most unified and most completely realized story” (167).  On the other hand, both Yeast and Alton Locke are “amateurish and crude” (167) while Two Years Ago he dismisses as “an unassimilated hodge-podge of adventure and Christian Socialism and American Slavery and satire of English conventions” (167).  Weygandt is generally critical of Kingsley’s depiction of character especially the lack of life in his women: “they are a boy’s women rather than a man’s” (168). 
Novels.

Vooys, Sijna de. The Psychological Element in the English Sociological Novel of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Haskell House, 1966).
De Vooys provides a brief examination of Alton Locke focusing in particular on Locke’s characterization. He concludes that “In Alton Locke’s character we can trace Kingsley’s belief that the workers should associate themselves, not in envy of their privileged brothers, but in the spirit of Love, to find beauty in Freedom, Equality and Brotherhood, not by assistance from without, but by the help of the Spirit working in each.” 
Alton Locke.

McAlpin, Edwin A.  "The Conflict Between Theology and Spirituality. Hypatia , by Kingsley," Old and New Books as Life Teachers (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1928): 109-124.
After briefly sketching several other of Kingsley’s novels, McAlpin provides a longer though not very substantive account of Hypatia.   “Without defining his conviction in words Kingsley indicates in the experience of Raphael Aben-Ezra the supreme importance of Christianity as a life rather than as a set of theological doctrines and dogmas” (121-22). 
Hypatia.

Sedgwick, John Hunter.  "A Mid-Victorian Nordic,” North American Review Vol. CCXXV (January 1928): 86-93.
Sedgwick writes that Westward Ho! is an old-fashioned work displaying “beautiful, unabashed Nordicism” (87).  Kingsley’s reasoning is simple.  “All the people in Westward Ho! who do good things are British and belong to the Established Church; ergo, there is only one shop to go to, and that is Britain, and the Established Church comes second” (88). 
Westward Ho! ; Nordicism .

Beer, Max.  A History of British Socialism . Vol. II (London: Bell and Sons, 1929).
In his treatment of Christian Socialism Beer declares that Kingsley “thought the real battle of the time was not Radical or Whig against Peelite or Tory, but the Church, the gentleman, the workman against the shopkeepers and the Manchester School” (183). 
Christian Socialism ; Social and Political Views .

Murray, Robert H. "Kingsley and Christian Socialism" in Studies in the English Social and Political Thinkers of the Nineteenth Century Vol. I (Cambridge, U.K.: Heffer, 1929): 432-455.
After a brief analysis of the age's social and political context, especially the Marxist background, Murray provides an overview of Kingsley's life and works focusing in particular on his activities in the Christian Socialist sphere. 
Overview ; Maurice ; Social and Political Views ; Christian Socialism .

Somervell, D. C. English Thought in the Nineteenth Century (New York: David McKay, 1965; first published 1929).
This is a brief overview of Kingsley’s works and thought. Somervell concludes that Kingsley anticipated on the sentimental side the imperialist movement that dominated British politics at the end of the nineteenth century. 
Overview .

See Adamson 1964

Robertson, J. M.  A History of Freethought in the Nineteenth Century .  2 Vols. (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1930).  Vol. II, pp. 321-323.
Robertson very briefly discusses Kingsley’s understanding of the compatibility of science and religion and his acceptance of the theory of evolution. 
Science ; Religion ; Evolution .

Wright, Cuthbert.  “Newman and Kingsley,” Harvard Graduates’ Magazine Vol. 40 (December 1931): 127-134.
This is a cursory account in rather flowery language of the Newman-Kingsley controversy.  The primary focus of the article is on the life and career of Newman. 
Newman Controversy . 

Baker, Joseph Ellis.  The Novel and the Oxford Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1932): 88-100.
Baker argues that Kingsley’s hostility to the Oxford Movement was based on a quite different view concerning the nature of man.  Whereas the Oxford Movement held that man's nature was essentially sinful, Kingsley, “of the school of Rousseau”, believed that it was essentially good (88).  Baker reviews the novels of this “pugnacious Protestant” for anti-Catholic sentiments (99).  “Though Kingsley’s pictures of Tractarians are so obviously prejudiced that it is hardly necessary to correct them, his comments help to reveal the core of his own vigorous mind, and the setting of the Oxford Movement within the framework of other mid-century ideas” (100). 
Oxford Movement (Tractarianism) ; Novels ; Catholicism ; Religion .

Elton, Oliver.  A Survey of English Literature 1830-1880 .  2 Vols. (London: Edward Arnold, 1932; first published 1920) Vol. II: 309-316.
Elton presents a broad overview of Kingsley’s life and works. Yeast is not really a novel but “a kind of pamphlet-fantasy” in which the authorial commentary renders Kingsley himself the most distinct character (310).  However, the work reveals promise of the future novelist.  The true power of Alton Locke lies in its pictures rather than its ideas. Hypatia is praised for its drama and the passion and action of the story. Westward Ho! , more “a saga than a novel with a plot” (311), is lauded for its action, its enthusiasm, and its fine scene painting.  Though Two Years Ago has excessive moralizing, “Kingsley is himself again whenever he gets back to landscape or to narrative” (312). Hereward the Wake suffers from a surfeit of the professor and a paucity of the artist. The Heroes receives high praise for its style, its descriptions, its appeal to children.  Elton also lauds Kingsley’s “fervid picturesqueness” in a number of his shorter works, particularly his naturalist depictions in At Last .  The Water-Babies though popular “is a good book badly spoilt” (314).  Elton commends Kingsley’s poetic power, particularly his lyric and narrative poems.  “He is one of the few poets of the time who make us wish cordially that he had written more” (315). 
Overview ; Novels ; Poetry .

Lovett, Robert Morss and Helen Sard Hughes. The History of the Novel in England (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932).
In this brief outline of Kingsley’s life and works, the authors stress the influence of Carlyle declaring that Kingsley was a popular expounder of the latter’s doctrine. 
Overview ;   Carlyle.

Brinton, Crane.  English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954; first published 1933).
Brinton provides an overview of Kingsley’s life and his major social and political views.  While his Christian Socialism was by no means a system, Kingsley held that a Christian Socialist society would indeed be hierarchical where each one's place is determined by his moral value as well as democratic in the sense that each one's place has been allotted by God.  Brinton considers that Kingsley’s ideal society was based on older English societies where different social classes “were knit together by habits which were genuine human relationships”.  His “programme is singularly like that of Tory Democracy” (125).  Kingsley’s paternalism did not signify that he rejected competition.  Competition was good but workers must first be members of cooperative associations, an ideal similar to “modern guild Socialism” (126).  While Brinton considers that Kingsley’s achievements were not insignificant, his ideals based on his religious faith could accomplish little to improve the very practical ills of working class and under-privileged society.  “His God, his virtue, his England, made too many promises to the flesh – promises unfulfilled to the common man.  For the uncommon man, his faith was even more inadequate.  Taste and intellect alike recoil from the simplicities of a universe on the pattern of Eversley” (130). 
Social and Political Views ; Alton Locke ; Christian Socialism ; Religion ; Science Evolution ; Democracy ; Capitalism ; Teutons .

Carpenter, S. C.  Church and People, 1789-1889: A History of the Church of England from William Wilberforce to “Lux Mundi”   (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1933).
Carpenter frequently mentions Kingsley in his study, paying particular attention to his activities as a parson in Eversley. 
Parson, Kingsley as ; Eversley .

Partington, Wilfred.  "Westward Ho! with Charles Kingsley," The Colophon: A Book Collector's Quarterly Vol. 3, Part xi (1933).
In January 1874 Kingsley embarked on the steamship Oceanic on an eleven day voyage to America. Partington discusses the chart, issued to the passengers, on which Kingsley indicated the course followed by the ship and the daily distance covered.  On the back of the chart Kingsley recorded his log of the voyage.  Partington also briefly mentions some of the major incidents in Kingsley's six month sojourn in America and Canada. 
Chart/Log of Voyage to America ; America .

Baldwin, Stanley E. Charles Kingsley (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1934).
This is a book length treatment of Kingsley's life and works.  After chapters providing a brief biography, a discussion of the background of the novels, and a consideration of the influence of Carlyle and Maurice, Baldwin devotes separate chapters to each of the novels: Yeast, Alton Locke, Two Years Ago, Hypatia, Westward Ho!, and Hereward the Wake .  Baldwin is measured in his assessment, though he still finds much to praise in Kingsley's diverse literary endeavors. Nevertheless, he considers Kingsley the man as more prominent than his literature.  "Some men's writings are the greatest part of them, and posterity studies their lives through a spirit of curiosity excited by their works.  In a sense this is true of Kingsley, but in a truer sense many are reading Kingsley's literary works because of the indelible impression his personality made upon his fellow men, for whom, in all his activities, he labored.  His life in itself was a poem of deep lyric passion" (194). 
Full Book Treatment ; Overview ; Carlyle ; Maurice ; Y east; Alton Locke ; Two Years Ago ; Hypatia ; Westward Ho! ; Hereward the Wake .

Raven, Rev. Canon C. E.  “Charles Kingsley,” The Listener Vol. 11, No. 283 (13 June, 1934) 1007-1008.
Though holding that Alton Locke is clearly a work of propaganda, Raven praises it for its scene painting, its descriptions of landscape, atmosphere, sights, sounds and smells.  He declares that the best work of Kingsley, a passionate lover of nature, was as an interpreter of recent scientific discoveries in terms of Christianity.  “. . . he was almost the only Churchman of his time to realise that science and the scientific method were accomplishing a revolution in human thought, and that unless the Church recognised this it would be unfit to commend its message to the world” (1008). 
Alton Locke ; Science ; Evolution ; Religion .

Hicks, Granville.  “Literature and Revolution,” The English Journal Vol. XXIV, No. 3 (March 1935): 219-239.
Hicks observes that “Kingsley made Alton Locke a plea for obedience to the church and the crown, attacking the ruthless business men, it is true, but opposing as well Chartist aspirations to working class independence” (228-9). 
Social and Political Views ; Alton Locke ; Capitalism .

Baker, Ernest Albert. The History of the English Novel. Vol. VIII (New York: Barnes and Noble; first published 1937): 161-176.
Baker provides a brief overview of Kingsley's novels, discussing their major themes and the context of the times in which they were written, especially the period of the Crimean war. 
Novels ; Social and Political Novel ; Crimean War .

Bush, Douglas. Mythology and the Romantic Tradition in English Poetry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937). 
Though Bush finds certain weaknesses in Andromeda, for example its excessive length, its absence of spondaic variety, and the fact that its movement is more anapestic than dactylic, he praises its sonorous perfection, its ease, its unflagging interest, as well as its Homeric echoes and similes. 
Andromeda

Hanawalt, Mary Wheat, "Charles Kingsley and Science," Studies in Philology Vol. 34, No. 4 (October, 1937): 589-611.
Hanawalt examines Kingsley’s interest and endeavors in science, arguing that his broader philosophy and art have been misunderstood because of the neglect shown to Kingsley the scientist.  To remedy this neglect and this misunderstanding she discusses firstly, Kingsley’s lifelong interest in science; secondly, the relation between his science and the art of his novels and poetry; thirdly, his views on the relation of science to religion and the importance of science in man’s existence; and, fourthly, the general influence of science on his philosophy. 
Science ; Religion .

Marmo, Macario.  The Social Novel of Charles Kingsley (Salerno: Di Giacomo, 1937).
In this book length study of Kingsley’s life, personality, views, and works Marmo focuses in particular on the art as well as the social implications of Kingsley’s social novels.  He concludes that Kingsley the man was more significant than his poetry and novels.  His very diverse deeds and objectives were greater than the art of his literary works.  Above all, Marmo contends, Kingsley was a vehement opponent of democracy as well as of rampant laissez-faire competition.  In summing up Marmo declares “But now that this selfish democratic system has reached its crisis and civilization is centering again round Rome, we must recognize in Kingsley an ideal Pioneer;  for Charles Kingsley denounced the foul competitive system at the time of its birth, and remained all his life the assertor of the Collectivist Ideal and the monitor of Co-operation as the one remedy for unbridled competition” (114). 
Overview ; Full Book Treatment ; Novels .

Thorp, Margaret Farrand.  Charles Kingsley 1819-1875 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1937).
A well-documented book-length biography and analysis of Kingsley's diverse ideas and views.  Contains a good bibliography of Kingsley's own writings. 
Full Book Treatment ; Overview ; Social and Political Views .

Young, G. M. “Sophist and Swashbuckler.” 102-111 in Daylight and Champaign: Essays. London: Jonathan Cape, 1937. 
Young discusses Kingsley’s controversy with Newman. Agreeing that Kingsley was no match for the brilliance of Newman and that he was totally out-manoeuvered, Young nevertheless contends that Kingsley in an admittedly “clumsy way” had a certain right. “But if the public, or the modern reader, said ‘Never mind all that: what we want to know is, when Dr. Newman or one of his pupils tells us a thing, can we believe it as we should believe it if the old-fashioned parson said it?’ I am afraid the upshot of the Apologia and its appendices is No” (110). 
Newman Controversy ; Catholicism.

Conacher, W. M.  “Charles Kingsley,” Queen’s Quarterly Vol. 45 (1938): 503-511.
Conacher presents a sketch of Kingsley’s life and works.  He praises the characterization in Hereward the Wake ; it surpasses that of Bulwer Lytton’s Harold and that of Scott’s Ivanhoe .  While he criticizes Kingsley’s anti-Catholic treatment in Westward Ho! as being mere bigotry and not based on proper historical facts, he admires the novel’s color and romance.  Though Hypatia has matter for a masterpiece, “haste, over-enthusiasm, and lack of artistry have spoiled it” (509). Alton Locke is modern in its sympathy for the working classes and its political views, while Yeast , though the work of a young author, is praised for its “generous feeling” (510).  Kingsley, according to Conacher, “railed at John Bull in life and in letters and was essentially in the end John Bull himself” (511). 
Overview ; Novels ; Religion ; Catholicism.

Mack, Edward C. Public Schools and British Opinion, 1780 to 1860: An Examination of the Relationship Between Contemporary Ideas and the Evolution of an English Institution (London: Methuen, 1938).
Mack briefly describes Kingsley’s Christian Socialism as an odd mixture of democracy, socialism, Christianity, and fascism and observes that it was more akin to Tory paternalism than to democratic socialism. Kingsley’s muscular Christianity, according to Mack, meant little more than the state of cleanliness and good physical development. 
Christian Socialism ;  Muscular Christianity .

Fichter, Joseph H., S. J.  “The Socialism of a Protestant: Charles Kingsley (1819-1875)” in his Roots of Change (New York: Appleton-Century, 1939): 134-156.
Fichter reviews Kingsley’s life and principal works focusing on his social and political thought.  He is balanced in his assessment, pointing out a number of Kingsley’s faults, prejudices, and illogicalities in addition to his good qualities.  With respect to Kingsley’s changing views and specifically to his title of Christian Socialist, Fichter declares that “he was no more thoroughgoing Socialist than he was thoroughgoing Christian” (135).  Fichter briefly reviews Kingsley’s condition of England novels declaring Alton Locke to be “a tremendously effective book” (151) and the autobiographical Yeast to be badly marred by Kingsley’s intense anti-Catholic bigotry.  Fichter concludes that “the work of Charles Kingsley was on the whole a genuine contribution to the improvement of man’s relation with man.  His mistakes were the mistakes of every demagogue to tread the earth, but the hand he had in rousing social interest in English problems more than made up for them” (156). 
Overview ; Christian Socialism ; Social and Political Views ; Catholicism ; Alton Locke ; Yeast .

Bevington, Merle Mowbray. The Saturday Review, 1855-1868: Representative Educated Opinion in Victorian England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1941).
Bevington relates how Kingsley received sympathetic and complimentary reviews in the Saturday Review for his novels Hypatia and Two Years Ago . However, after he became Professor of History at Cambridge in 1860, historians on the Saturday mercilessly reviled his historical abilities. Hereward the Wake was particularly censured for what was considered to be its bad history. 
Saturday Review ; History Professor .

Matthews, Ruth Estelle.  “Three Articles from the Pen of Charles Kingsley,” Stanford Studies in Language and Literature (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1941): 312-20.
Matthews discusses the background behind Kingsley’s publication of four articles in a Colorado Springs periodical, Out West .  She prints the text of three of the articles, all unpublished apart from in Out West.  They had originally been published on March 23, 1872, April 6, 1872, and June 20, 1872 respectively. 
America ; Colorado Springs .

Sampson, George.  The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941).
Sampson provides a brief account of Kingsley’s life and principal works of literature.  Neither Yeast nor Alton Locke are very successful novels “and even as pamphlets they are vague, unvital and inconclusive” (780).  Hypatia is the best conceived and constructed novel. Westward Ho!, his most successful novel, “is an excellent tale of its kind” (781).  Though Two Years Ago has some vivid episodes, it fails to hold attention.  Hereward the Wake has vigor and freshness but has never been popular due to the story’s remoteness.  Both The Heroes and The Water-Babies “deserve their success” (781). 
Overview ; Novels.

Gerould, Gordon Hall. The Patterns of English and American Fiction: A History (Boston: Little Brown, 1942).
After a short sketch of Kingsley’s life and major novels, Gerould is quite disparaging in his summing up of Kingsley’s achievement. The characterization of his historical novels is lacking in solidity and consistency. Moreover, in addition to great inaccuracies in historical details, Hypatia and Westward Ho! fail to represent well even the fundamental aspects of human nature. Crude melodrama abounds, there is too much homiletic discourse and sentimentalism, as well as an unwholesomeness of tone. Gerould concludes that the historical novels are “representative of nineteenth century taste at its lowest ebb.” 
Novels.

Morgan, Charles. The House of Macmillan (1843-1943) (New York: Macmillan, 1944).
Morgan makes frequent reference to Kingsley’s long relationship with the Macmillan publishing company. 
Macmillan’s.

La Nauze, J. A. “A Letter of J. S. Mill to Charles Kingsley,” Australian Quarterly   Vol. XVIII, No. 4 (December 1946): 30-34.
La Nauze discusses and publishes for the first time a letter from Mill to Kingsley.  It is a reply to a letter from Kingsley and both letters concerned the status and the suffrage of women. 
John Stuart Mill ; Females .

Schilling, Bernard N.  “Kingsley,” in Human Dignity and the Great Victorians (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946): 96-122.
Schilling examines Kingsley's work as a humanitarian and his efforts to dignify the life of England's poor.  "Kingsley achieved a working synthesis between his religion and his radicalism; he made it seem as if he had to be a humanitarian reformer because of the implications which he saw in religion, not in spite of them" (96).  Schilling discusses Kingsley's work on behalf of sanitary reform and his campaign against the terrible conditions of the sweated tailoring trade, stressing Kingsley's belief that many societal problems had their underlying cause in laissez-faire capitalism. He also considers Kingsley's advocacy of popular medical instruction and of cooperative movements, his plans to make art, amusement, country life and education more available to the public, and his staunch promotion of public education.  Though Kingsley became increasingly conservative and came to embrace a form of feudalism as he aged, Schilling concludes that he "bore the mark of all great humanitarians - the union of compassion, humaneness, and optimism" (122). 
Overview ; Sanitation ; Social and Political Views ; Religion ; Education ; Christian Socialism .

Ward, Maisie. “Introduction” to John Henry Cardinal Newman. Apologia Pro Vita Sua (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1946): v-xiv.
In her introduction to Newman’s autobiography, Ward strongly impugns Kingsley’s motives and honesty. 
Newman Controversy.

See Barnard 1961

Houghton, Walter E.  “The Issue Between Kingsley and Newman,” Theology Today Vol. IV (April 1947): 81-101.
Houghton argues that the fundamental disagreement between Kingsley and Newman was the elemental dichotomy between Protestant Liberalism and Christian Orthodoxy. Though in many respects a conservative and a public enemy of those espousing the liberal cause, in religion Kingsley followed the liberalism of the likes of Maurice and Carlyle.  While we read such thinkers to understand liberal ideology, argues Houghton, we study Kingsley to comprehend Protestant Liberalism in its actual practice. 
Catholicism ; Newman Controversy ; Newman, John Henry ; Religion ; Protestant Liberalism .

Johns, Edward F. Let the Twig Follow Its Bent: Recalling Charles Kingsley (Winchester: Warren and Son, 1947). 
The sub-title of this short volume is somewhat misleading. Though the author does indeed refer to Kingsley on several occasions, the work is primarily concerned with the school for boys, Winton House, that the author’s father founded in 1874. However, a couple of interesting observations of Kingsley’s views on children and education are included. 
Education.

Kendall, Guy.  Charles Kingsley and His Ideas (London: Hutchinson, 1947).
This book-length treatment of Kingsley in addition to providing a biographical account focuses in particular on his diverse views and ideas. 
Overview ; Full Book Treatment ; Social and Political Views .

Reckitt, Maurice B. Maurice to Temple: A Century of the Social Movement in the Church of England (London: Faber and Faber, 1947).
In his examination of Kingsley’s role in the Chartist and Christian Socialist movements, Reckitt concludes that Kingsley’s greatest significance lay in his staunch advocacy that humanity should follow the laws of Nature rather than those of the industrial system. The former were natural, the latter abnormal. 
Chartism ; Christian Socialism ; Nature .

Ford, George H. “The Governor Eyre Case in England,” University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. 17 (April 1948): 219-233.
Ford discusses Kingsley’s membership, with his brother Henry, of the Governor Eyre Defence Committee and his siding with Carlyle and other right wing individuals who defended Eyre’s activities in Jamaica. However, Ford relates that Kingsley later wavered in his support of Eyre mainly due to widespread criticism he received for the support as well as to his own conflicted feelings about the matter. Ruskin, Carlyle and others on the Defence Committee never forgave Kingsley for rejecting Eyre. 
Eyre, Governor ;  West Indies .

Kendall, Guy. The Social Application of Christianity (London, Duckworth, 1948).
Kendall presents a brief account of Kingsley’s involvement in the Chartist movement of 1848. 
Chartism

Hope, Norman V. “The Issue Between Newman and Kingsley: A Reconciliation and a Rejoinder,” Theology Today (6 April, 1949): 77-90.
Hope contends that while Kingsley held that the world is good because God made it, he was far from being an apologist for all of mid-Victorian civilization. Rather, he was well aware of the social and economic inequities rampant in society. Nor was he complacent about how the contemporary Christian religion was sometimes manifest in society. Hope also observes that it may be thought “that Kingsley was nearer the mind of Jesus Christ than Newman, who appears to have had no social conscience whatever.” 
Social and Political Views ; Newman Controversy ; Religion.

Pope-Hennessy, Una.  Canon Charles Kingsley: A Biography (New York, Macmillan, 1949).
A book-length biography. 
Full Book Treatment ; Overview ; Social and Political Views .

Charques, R. D., Mrs.  “Kingsley as Children’s Writer,” Times Literary Supplement Vol. 2576 (15 June, 1951): i
In this short article, Charques discusses Kingsley's writings for children as well as his attitudes towards and his understanding of children.  She also touches briefly on his educational views. 
Children ; The Water-Babies ; Education .

Faverty, Frederic Everett. Matthew Arnold the Ethnologist (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1951).
Faverty briefly examines Kingsley’s high regard for what he perceived as the many virtues of the Teutonic races. He considers that Kingsley has been justifiably termed a ‘mid-Victorian Nordic’. 
The Roman and the Teuton ;Teutons.

Buckley, Jerome Hamilton. The Victorian Temper: A Study in Literary Culture (London: Frank Cass 1966; first published 1952).
Buckley makes numerous diverse references to Kingsley.  With respect to Kingsley’s attitude to religion and Mammon worship Buckley stresses his detestation for the manifest evils of the industrial revolution and the harm they cause to body and soul.  Yet Kingsley was assured that the new age was here to stay and that religion would aid in combating an excessive focus on materialism.  “If his victory was never won, he yet succeeded more than any other popular apologist in reminding the mid-Victorians that the objects of religion might animate their common activity no less than the lonely meditations of the brooding conscience” (123). 
Religion .

Price, J. B.  “Charles Reade and Charles Kingsley,” Contemporary Review  Vol. 183 (Jan/June 1953): 161-166.
Price considers that with respect to literary merit Kingsley’s romances are better than his humanitarian novels.  Still, the latter “certainly exhibit his fine social sympathies, and both Yeast and Alton Locke are excellent sermons” (163).  Price praises the conception of Hypatia , declaring that “the life, realism, and pictorial brilliancy of the scenes give it a power rare in an historical novel”.  Westward Ho! “is more mature, and more carefully written” (164).  Price also lauds the dramatic element in Kingsley’s works. 
Overview ; Novels .

Robertson, Thomas L., Jr.  "The Kingsley-Newman Controversy and the Apologia ,” Modern Language Notes Vol. LXIX (December 1954): 564-9.
Robertson attempts to ascertain the possible reasons why Newman published the Kingsley-Newman correspondence.  “If he was a man of little emotion and scheming tendencies, it would be likely that he published the correspondence only to rouse Kingsley’s wrath, in order, eventually, to vindicate himself.  If he was a man of quick emotions and intense convictions – as seems more likely, from a reading of the Apologia – he probably published the correspondence only because he saw no other way to put his case before the public, and because he saw, as Kingsley did not, that the case had gone beyond considerations of gentlemanliness” (569). 
Newman Controversy .

Dobrzycka, Irena. The Conditions of Living of the Working Class in the Social Novels of Charles Kingsley (Poznan: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1955).
In her treatment of Kingsley’s social and political views, especially as presented in such novels as Yeast and Two Years Ago , Dobrzycka focuses on what she perceives as Kingsley’s reactionary bourgeois ideology. Still, despite his feudalistic views, Dobrzycka praises the realistic portrayal by this “bard of imperialism”of the living conditions of the proletariat in these novels. She also lauds his vehement criticism of agrarian misery and his advocacy of sanitary reform. 
Social and Political Views ; Working-Class life, Depiction of ; Yeast; Two Years Ago ; Sanitation.

See Irvine 1963

Adrian, Arthur A. “Charles Kingsley Visits Boston,” Huntington Library Quarterly Vol. 20 (Nov. 1956): 94-97.
Adrian discusses the visit of Kingsley and his daughter Rose to Boston in 1874.  He provides the full text of a hitherto unpublished diary entry of Mrs. J. T. Fields, Kingsley’s hostess during his sojourn in Boston, as well as extracts from a letter dated 23 March, 1874 which she sent to Laura Winthrop Johnson.  Both reveal interesting details of the Kingsleys’ Boston visit. 
America ; Boston .

Thomson, Patricia. The Victorian Heroine: A Changing Ideal 1837-1873 (London: Oxford University Press, 1956).
Thomson examines Kingsley’s representation of the charitable work of the heroines of his novels. Kingsley is critical of Honoria in Yeast because of her indiscriminate almsgiving which helped to destroy the independence of the poor. However, in the later Alton Locke he is more laudatory of the organized charitable work of Lady Ellerton. The two novels indicate the transition of female development from feudal queen to social worker. Kingsley is clearly more comfortable with women’s involvement in the structured feminine philanthropic movement. 
Females; Philanthropy.

Wainwright, Alexander D.  “The Morris L. Parrish Collection of Victorian Novelists,” Princeton University Library Chronicle .  Vol. XVII, No. 2 (Winter 1956): 59-67.
Curator Wainwright discusses recent Kingsley additions to the Parrish Collection of Victorian novelists in Princeton University’s library. These included letters, manuscripts of sermons, scarce pamphlets, editions of Kingsley’s works annotated by famous persons, other personal books. 
Libraries, Kingsley Collections in .

Coveney, Peter. Poor Monkey: The Child in Literature (London: Rockliff, 1957).
Coveney examines Kingsley’s depiction of the child in Alton Locke, declaring that he succeeds in conveying a young child’s consciousness better than Disraeli or Mrs. Gaskell. In Kingsley’s work “the concept of the romantic child merges with Christianity into a theology of childhood Innocence. Alton Locke is an interesting fusion of Wordsworthian naturalism with Christian humanitarianism, a fusion of the secular romantic tradition about the child with Anglican compassion for human nature; a fusion which Kingsley perhaps best expressed in his Water Babies ." 
Children; The Water-Babies .

Houghton, Walter E. The Victorian Frame of Mind 1830-1870 (New Haven: Published for Wellesley College by Yale University Press, 1957). 
Houghton makes frequent reference to some of Kingsley’s most prominent views and attitudes. These include, among others, his admiration of industrial progress, his anti-intellectualism, his dogmatism and rigidity, his worship of force, his doubt and ennui, his views on heroes and heroic legend, on Muscular Christianity, on nationalism, on the therapy of duty and work, on women, love, and the home. 
Social and Political Views .

Martin, Robert Bernard (ed.).  Charles Kingsley's American Notes: Letters from a Lecture Tour, 1874 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958).
Martin publishes twenty-four letters that Kingsley wrote to his wife Fanny from the United States and Canada while on a several month long lecture tour in 1874 with his daughter Rose.  These letters are in the Morris L. Parrish Collection of Victorian Novelists in the Princeton University Library.  Martin provides an introduction sketching Kingsley’s life and views together with an overview of the American tour.  He also briefly discusses some of the American reactions to this visit and some reviews of Kingsley’s lectures. 
America ; Letters from America .

Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society 1780-1950 (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1977; first published 1958).
Williams in his brief examination of the “extremely discursive” Alton Locke praises much of the background depiction of the novel.  He stresses the importance of the work’s conclusion.  While Chartism and the plight of the workers are treated sympathetically throughout, the true solution to life’s problems resides in the acceptance of God.  Williams also points to the novel’s preface where Kingsley argues that “The regeneration of society . . . will meanwhile proceed under the leadership of a truly enlightened aristocracy.  It will be a movement towards democracy, but not to that ‘tyranny of numbers’ of which the dangers have been seen in the United States” (112). 
Alton Locke ; Social and Political Novel ; Chartism .

Johnston, Arthur.  "The Water-Babies : Kingsley's Debt to Darwin,” English Vol. 12 (Autumn 1959): 215-19.
Johnston reviews the scientific content in a number of Kingsley’s works, in particular the novels Yeast , Alton Locke , and Two Years Ago .  He considers that the influence of Darwinian thought and the theory of evolution is particularly evident throughout The Water-Babies .  In fact, “The metamorphosis of Tom into a water-baby is not more wonderful than the metamorphosis of the Origin of Species into The Water-Babies” (219). 
Science ; Darwin ; The Water-Babies .

Martin, Robert Bernard.  The Dust of Combat: A Life of Charles Kingsley (London: Faber and Faber, 1959).
A full book biography of Kingsley with excellent critical analyses of his writings, practical works and his multifarious views and ideas.  Contains good illustrations. 
Full Book Treatment ; Overview ; Social and Political Views

Stang, Richard.  The Theory of the Novel in England 1850-1870 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).
Stang refers to Kingsley frequently in this work. For example, he mentions George Meredith's criticism of Kingsley's excessive hortatory approach in Two Years Ago, George Eliot's similar condemnation of his didacticism and moralizing in Westward Ho! , the National Review 's 1860 very severe treatment of his general novelist style and art, Blackwood's branding of Yeast as immoral. Stang also discusses Kingsley's belief that the novel should include long explanatory passages in order to educate less intelligent readers. 
Novels ; Reception of Kingsley's Works ; Didacticism .

Stevenson, Lionel. “Darwin and the Novel," Nineteenth-Century Fiction Vol. 15, No. 1 (June 1960): 29-38.
Stevenson argues that while The Origin of Species had a stunning impact on its publication in 1859, educated people had been well prepared for it by a variety of influences in the early 1850s. He quotes, for example, from some of Kingsley’s novels, arguing that Kingsley was a firm advocate of developmental progress. 
Darwin

Williamson, James A. “Introduction” to Charles Kingsley. Westward Ho! (London: Dent, 1960): 4-7.
In this short introduction Williamson discusses Kingsley as historian, declaring that Kingsley’s Elizabethans are clearly Victorians. Williamson also mentions Kingsley’s anti-Catholic animus. 
Westward Ho! ;   History ; Catholicism.

Winn, William E. “Tom Brown’s Schooldays and the Development of ‘Muscular Christianity’,” Church History Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 1960): 64-73.
Winn declares that Maurice and Carlyle, particularly the latter, were the principal influences on Kingsley’s muscular Christianity, a movement he founded. From Carlyle he adopted wholeheartedly the belief in work and a liking for Old Testament morality. Winn writes that Kingsley’s muscular Christianity connoted both a hatred of the notion that the weakness of the body could be associated with spiritual strength, as well as a dislike of asceticism, Manicheism, and celibacy. Winn also briefly discusses the muscular Christian hero common in Kingsley’s literary work and Kingsley’s later extreme jingoism patent in both his deeds and his writings. 
Muscular Christianity .

d.  (London: University of London Press, 1961; first published 1947).
Barnard provides a very brief overview of Kingsley the educationist.  He declares that Kingsley was a strong advocate of science in the school curriculum and held that it complemented the study of religion.  Moreover, he was a firm believer that a knowledge of science was essential for progress in the hygienic and sanitary reform movement. 
Education ; Sanitation .

Blinderman, Charles S.  “Huxley and Kingsley,” Victorian Newsletter No. 20 (1961): 25-28.
Blinderman studies the relationship between Kingsley and T. H. Huxley.  Both men enjoyed a close personal friendship.  However, Blinderman argues that despite such surface similarities as their mutual approval of determinism and Stoicism, their dislike of Positivism, their popularization of science, and the fact that both were charged with unorthodoxy, in certain fundamental respects, particularly their underlying attitudes to science and to religion, they were quite dissimilar and distinct.  “A study of the relationship between Huxley and Kingsley suggests that while friendship can provide a forum for the cordial debate of ultimate issues, ideological differences, however, obscured by social amenities, prevail as barriers to the reconciliation of irreconcilable world-views” (28). 
Huxley ; Science ; Religion .

Maison, Margaret M.  The Victorian Vision: Studies in the Victorian Novel  (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1961).
Maison considers Kingsley’s religious and spiritual thought as represented in his novels.  She declares that matters of the soul tend to be well overshadowed in these works by stories of adventure, by depictions of physical activity, by scenes of daring and so on.  However, one pervasive religious theme in Kingsley’s novels is the spiritual development of the characters through strong physical activity.  She contends that one of Kingsley’s most dominant beliefs is that man’s soul necessarily suffers from long exposure to dire physical conditions.  It was as important a duty of the parson, Kingsley believed, to care for social, economic, and political reform as to cater to more spiritual elements.  “Thus might Kingsley answer any critic likely to accuse him of preferring sanitation to meditation” (127).  Maison also briefly considers Kingsley’s desire to reconcile religion with science. 
Religion ; Manliness ; Science ; Novels .

Newsome. David.  Godliness and Good Learning: Four Studies on a Victorian Ideal (London: Cassell, 1961).
Mention of Kingsley occurs frequently in Newsome’s work.  Newsome is particularly interested in Kingsley’s notion of manliness which he views as being very similar to the robustness, feistiness and vigorous vitality of  thumos , as opposed to the higher excellence of arete, equated by Coleridge with manliness.  Newsome also stresses that Kingsley, the first to combine manliness with godliness, considered manliness to be “an antidote to the poison of effeminacy – the most insidious weapon of the Tractarians – which was sapping the vitality of the Anglican Church” (207).  Manliness for Kingsley was using to the full all the qualities with which God has endowed men, including the sexual function.  That is why Roman Catholicism’s celibacy provided strong evidence of that religion’s lack of manliness and its consequent falling away from appropriate godliness. 
Manliness ; Muscular Christianity ; Sexuality ; Celibacy ; Catholicism .

Pett, Douglas E., Rev.  “The Newman-Kingsley Dispute Continues,” Times Literary Supplement Vol. 3077 (17 February 1961): 16.
From an analysis of Newman's diaries Pett opposes the conventional opinion that Newman totally overcame Kingsley in their confrontation.  He declares that the evidence of the diaries and Newman's faulty logic cast doubt on his victory and reveal that he had insufficient reason to adopt his superior tone.  However, Pett argues that it would be hasty and superficial to accuse the complex Newman of deliberate dishonesty regarding his unsatisfactory treatment of evidence in the latter part of the Apologia . 
Newman Controversy .

Christensen, Torben.  Origin and History of Christian Socialism 1848-1854   (Aarhus, Denmark: Universitetsforlaget, 1962).
In his study of Christian Socialism Christensen makes frequent mention of Kingsley, focusing in particular on his activities in the Chartist movement and as the author of Alton Locke.
Christian Socialism ; Chartism ; Alton Locke .

Curtis, S. J., and M. E. A. Boultwood. An Introductory History of English Education Since 1800 (London: University Tutorial Press, 1962).
This is a very brief overview of Kingsley as educationalist.  The authors declare that because of his early connections with St. Mark’s Training College, Chelsea, Kingsley tended to have greater awareness of practical educational matters than some of the more subject oriented educationalists. 
Education .

Peyrouton, N. C.  “Charles Dickens and the Christian Socialists. The Kingsley-Dickens Myth,” The Dickensian Vol. 58 (May 1962): 96-109. 
Peyrouton examines the views and works of Kingsley and Dickens, especially their social and political opinions.  Though the two men agreed in part on various aspects of society’s ills and their appropriate solutions, their differences are as patent as their similarities. Peyrouton’s principal goal in the article is to dismiss what he terms the Kingsley-Dickens Myth, namely that Dickens through the influence of his novels established a Dickensian school of which Kingsley became an ardent disciple; that Dickens “by igniting Kingsley” helped the latter shape Christian Socialism; and that both men shared many views and ideals (96). 
Dickens ; Christian Socialism ; Social and Political Views .

Semmel, Bernard.  “The Issue of 'Race' in the British Reaction to the Morant Bay Uprising of 1865,”  Caribbean Studies Vol. 2, No. 3 (October 1962): 3-15.
In his examination of the British reaction to the Governor Eyre controversy in Jamaica, Semmel briefly discusses the support of Kingsley, a racial bigot, for the Governor’s actions in brutally suppressing the black uprising.  Semmel also mentions the view of Kingsley, clearly influenced by Carlyle, that blacks together with the Irish and the English working classes were congenitally inferior and totally unsuited for the suffrage and self-government. 
Eyre, Governor ; Social and Political Views ; Racial Prejudices .

Tanner, Tony.  “Mountains and Depths--An Approach to Nineteenth-century Dualism,” Review of English Literature Vol. III (October 1962): 51-61.
Tanner examines the significance of the roles of cleanliness and dirt in The Water-Babies .  This work has dual spheres of truth.  “On the one hand a life debased, dirty and corrupting, on the other hand a slightly fantastic realm in which many of the values cherished by the Victorian mind are operative – and the two worlds are separate and in a state of hostile tension” (55). 
The Water-Babies ; Cleanliness .

Trevor, Meriol.  Newman: Light in Winter (London: Macmillan, 1962).
Trevor examines the Kingsley-Newman controversy paying particular attention to Kingsley’s motives in instigating his attack.  He considers that Kingsley’s dislike of Newman stemmed from the early attraction Newman had for his wife Fanny who intended to join Pusey’s sisterhood.  Kingsley had to win back his wife and depose Newman’s “authoritative image” (327).  Newman was quite unaware that to Kingsley there was a particularly personal reason for linking virility with truth and cunning with virginity.  For Newman signified to Kingsley, who abhorred Catholic celibacy and the notion of women choosing virginity, “a powerful father-figure withholding desirable brides from ardent lovers by the mental bondage of the ideal of celibacy”.  This sexual connotation, according to Trevor, “explains the passionate hatred evident on every page of the pamphlet in which he set out to settle the score of twenty years” (328).  Trevor also discusses the reaction of the reviews and the periodicals to the controversy. 
Newman Controversy ; Catholicism ; Sexuality ; Celibacy ; Reception of Kingsley's Works .

Henkin, Leo J.  Darwinism in the English Novel 1860-1910: The Impact of Evolution on Victorian Fiction (New York: Russell & Russell, 1963).
For Kingsley the Bible and science were compatible.  He welcomed Darwin’s theories which rendered Nature and all about him more full of divine significance than ever before.  While Kingsley reverenced Nature, “he reverenced more the will that is above Nature.  His reverence for Nature was not antagonistic, but paid homage to his faith in the supernatural” (146). 
Science ; Religion ; Darwin ; Nature .

Irvine, William. Apes, Angels, & Victorians: The Story of Darwin, Huxley, and Evolution (New York: Time, 1963; 1st published 1955).
Irvine discusses the relationship and correspondence between Kingsley and Thomas Henry Huxley, stressing their views on science and religion.  Despite their radically different attitudes towards religion, both men had a strong mutual respect for each other.  Irvine mentions the openness and honesty of Huxley’s attitude towards Kingsley. 
Huxley ; Religion ; Science .

Waller, John O. “Charles Kingsley and the American Civil War,” Studies in Philology Vol. 60, No. 3 (July 1963): 554-568.
This is a study of Kingsley's views on the American Civil War and his generally pro-Southern stance. Waller contends that numerous factors pre-disposed him towards this stance, for example the ties of birth and family that united him to a English social class that supported the South; his racism; the influence of the staunchly anti-Union views of his brother Henry;  the gallantry of the South that must have been attractive to his romantic susceptibilities; his dislike for such liberal Manchester School politicians as Bright, Cobden, and Forster who accounted for much of Parliament's pro-Northern leadership. 
America ; American Civil War ; Slavery ; Racial Prejudices .

See Kettle 1966

Adamson, John William. English Education, 1789-1902 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964; first published 1930).
Among several other mentions of Kingsley, Adamson refers to his advocacy of improved educational opportunities for women. 
Females ; Education ; Muscular Christianity

“Charles Kingsley and Bramshill House,” The Police College Magazine Vol. 8, No. 3 (Autumn 1964): 202-207.
Discusses the circumstances of how Kingsley was instituted into the living at Eversley, “circumstances which, for comedy in clerical life, surpass any situation depicted by Trollope or George Eliot” (202).  Also discusses the relationship of Kingsley, Rector of Eversley, with the lords of the manor of Bramshill, Sir John Cope and Sir William Cope respectively. 
Eversley ; Bramshill House .

Gillespie, Jr., Harold R.  “George Eliot’s Tertius Lydgate and Charles Kingsley’s Tom Thurnall,” Notes and Queries Vol XI (n.s.) (June 1964): 226-227.
Gillespie points out that Middlemarch 's Tertius Lydgate who is sometimes regarded as fiction's first hero as physician, in fact was predated fourteen years earlier by Two Years Ago 's Tom Thurnall. 
Two Years Ago ; Eliot, George .

Karl, Frederick R.  An Age of Fiction: The Nineteenth Century British Novel (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1964): 333-337.
In his treatment of Alton Locke Karl focuses on Kingsley’s social and political views.  Locke comes to believe that the Chartist goals, and all political and social aims, can only be realized if linked to Christianity, a belief earnestly held by Kingsley.  However, Karl declares that Kingsley’s argument turns into the “hollow rhetoric” of those who, fearing radical change, advise prudence (335).  The working classes must wait until others decide it is time for their equality; they must not decide for themselves.  Because of what he considers the weakness of this thesis, Karl believes that Alton Locke has a “flabby intellectual spine”.  While the novel is praised for some excellent scenes, the characters when they think or act appear “platitudinous or intellectually shallow”.  Karl’s conclusion is that Kingsley, despite his compassion for the poor, “has not worn well, but less for the old-fashioned nature of his narrative than for the intellectual assumptions behind the novel” (336). 
Alton Locke ; Social and Political Views ; Religion ; Characterization in Novels .

Svaglic, Martin J.  “Why Newman Wrote the Apologia ,” in Vincent Ferrer Blehl, S.J. and Francis X. Connolly (eds.)  Newman's ‘Apologia’: A Classic Reconsidered (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964): 1-25.
Svaglic reviews the background to the Kingsley-Newman controversy and, more specifically, the circumstances behind the actual composition by Newman of the Apologia .  He is not sympathetic to Kingsley’s role, writing of his reply to Newman that anyone reading it for the first time today “will be startled by the passionate intensity and bitterness of Kingsley’s attack on Newman” (7).  Svaglic discusses the reactions from a number of contemporary reviews and periodicals. 
Newman Controversy .

Avery, Gillian (with the assistance of Angela Bull). Nineteenth Century Children: Heroes and Heroines in English Children’s Stories 1780-1900 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1965).
Though Kingsley in real life did not like the punishing of children, believing that misbehavior often has a physical cause and that punishment can undermine a child’s relationship with his parents, punishment is a major theme in The Water-Babies .  Avery declares that Kingsley wishes to point the moral that punishment is the natural consequence of sin.  She also states that education is the primary purpose of The Water-Babies , “the education of the child to become the honest English gentleman that was Kingsley’s ideal” (49).  Holding that education and teaching are quite distinct, Kingsley depicts Tom’s trials and subsequent learning and the final attainment of grace as constituting his true education. 
The Water-Babies ; Punishment ; Children ; Education .

Beer, Gillian.  “Charles Kingsley and the Literary Image of the Countryside,” Victorian Studies Vol. VIII, No. 3 (March 1965): 243-254.
Beer argues that Kingsley’s genuine love and appreciation of nature and the countryside were combined with an understanding of the frequently difficult lot of the country poor.  He eschewed any aesthetic of landscape which ignored the plight of its inhabitants. Kingsley’s “point is that the starving and sick cannot savour beauty, and that the country poor require help if their life is to become anything better than a mockery of pastoralism” (248). 
Nature ; Country Poor .

MacNeice, Louis. Varieties of Parable (Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press, 1965).
MacNeice discusses The Water-Babies , “one of the most uneven and ragbaggy books in the language” (83).  Though he enjoys the fantasy and escapism, he is greatly critical of the digressions about contemporary disputes and excessive moralizing.  While Lewis Carroll also introduces aspects of contemporary problems into his works, he does not allow them to interfere with the story.  However, Kingsley does, “and in a story which, potentially, had many of the virtues of a myth it is a very serious fault” (83). 
The Water-Babies ; Didacticism .

See Townsend 1983

Archer, Richard Lawrence.  Secondary Education in the Nineteenth Century (London: Cass, 1966).
Archer discusses the educational thought and practice of Kingsley and their subsequent influence on British education.  He stresses the connection for Kingsley between religion and education; both served the same end.  Moreover, science in the curriculum was essential and was in no respect against the teaching of religion.  His ideal of mens sana in corpore sano went hand in hand with his espousal of muscular Christianity.  He detested “the identification of bodily feebleness with spiritual strength” (200).  Archer also examines Kingsley’s important role in the sanitary movement and his work in having hygienic instruction in schools. 
Education ; Muscular Christianity ; Sanitation ; Science .

Kettle, Arnold.  “The Early Victorian Social-Problem Novel,” in Boris Ford (ed.) From Dickens to Hardy: A Guide to English Literature Vol. 6. 2nd ed. (London: Cassell, 1966; this ed. first published 1963): 169-187.
Yeast , according to Kettle, is a combination of Mrs. Gaskell’s naturalistic style and some of the more mystical and romantic aspects of Disraeli’s.  Though it is often categorized as a religious novel, its social rather than its religious message was responsible for its contemporary objectionable reputation.  Kettle considers Alton Locke to be a better novel than Yeast .  He praises especially its treatment of social problems and the horrendous work conditions suffered by the tailors in their sweat-shops.  Though it is clearly a “propaganda novel”, it is more than that.  “ Alton Locke , for all its crudities and ‘dated’ quality, for all its lack of the sort of art and intelligence one associates with those writers conscious of ‘the novel as an art form', can still move us today” (184). 
Social and Political Novel ; Yeast ; Alton Locke ; Social and Political Views .

Morton, A. L. “Parson Lot,” in his The Matter of Britain: Essays in a Living Culture (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1966): 137-143. 
Morton provides a brief account of Kingsley’s life and works, paying particular attention to his endeavors on behalf of the poor as Parson Lot, Christian Socialist.  He praises Kingsley’s genuine commitment to the plight of the down-trodden though he considers Kingsley was a combination of both Radical and Tory.  Believing in the worker and the aristocrat, it was the classes in between for whom Kingsley had a great antipathy.  Morton also lauds the depiction of the worker and of Chartism in Alton Locke .  Though Kingsley finally denounces Chartism, this is the first time that English fiction deals with it seriously and sympathetically.  Though Kingsley never really succeeded in standing apart from his Tory views and though his socialist work invariably failed, he was, according to Morton, “like Ruskin, one of those who helped to prepare the ground from which a genuine socialist movement was to spring a generation or so later” (143). 
Overview ; Christian Socialism ; Chartism .

Devonshire, M. G.  The English Novel in France: 1830-1870 (New York: Octagon Books, 1967).
Devonshire discusses the reception of Alton Locke, Yeast, Westward Ho!, and Two Years Ago in France during the third quarter of the nineteenth century and provides short extracts from some of the reviews. The French, declares Devonshire, did indeed praise Kingsley for the literary value of the novels, though they objected to the excessive sermonizing.  However, the main interest of the French lay in the novels’ social, political, and historical background and their attitude to reform rather than in the actual stories. 
France, Critical Reception in ; Alton Locke ; Yeast ; Westward Ho! ; Two Years Ago .

Lodge, David. “Introduction” to Charles Kingsley, Alton Locke: Tailor and Poet , ed. Herbert Van Thal (London: Cassell, 1967): vii-xviii.
In his introduction to Alton Locke, Lodge declares that while Kingsley shows keen sympathy for the workers' conditions of employment and general social plight, he is also critical of their general modes of reacting against established authority. This was in keeping with the tenor of his ideology for, as he aged, Kingsley abandoned his younger radical views and became increasingly an establishment figure. Still, observes Lodge, Kingsley's effort on behalf of the oppressed and deprived working poor, "of which Alton Locke is an eloquent testimony, reflects most credit upon him, and leaves him least vulnerable to the irony of a more sophisticated and more cynical age than his own." 
Alton Locke ; Christian Socialism ; Social and Political Views ; Chartism .

Baker, William J.  “Charles Kingsley in Little London,” Colorado Magazine Vol. 45 (1968): 187-203. 
In this illustrated article Baker discusses Kingsley’s trip to America and his sojourn in Colorado Springs in 1874.  Kingsley’s connection with and interest in this town stemmed from his son Maurice, who worked there as a railway engineer, and from his daughter Rose, who visited there in 1871-72.  After sketching the English community and the pervasive anglophilia of Colorado Springs, Baker provides a brief account of Kingsley’s visit there where he was particularly impressed by the natural beauties of the Pike’s Peak region. 
America ; Colorado Springs ; Nature .

Chapman, Raymond.  The Victorian Debate: English Literature and Society 1832-1901 (New York: Basic Books, 1968).
Chapman briefly discusses Kingsley’s major social and political novels, Yeast (1848), Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet (1850), Hypatia (1853), and Two Years Ago (1857).  He also mentions The Water Babies (1863) for its treatment of child labor and social justice.  Chapman declares that Kingsley wrote in fiction about some of the topics with which Maurice was dealing in more theological terms.  “From Maurice he learned that the needs of the time could be a pragmatic sanction for Christianity; from Carlyle, how to subordinate reason to emotion.  The combination was, to say the least, a lively one.  Like Samuel Butler, so different in other ways, Kingsley wrote best about those things which he had made into a personal grievance” (135). 
Social and Political Novel ; Yeast ; Alton Locke ; Hypatia ; Two Years Ago ; The Water Babies .

Himmelfarb, Gertrude.  Victorian Minds (New York: Knopf, 1968).
Himmelfarb mentions Kingsley several times in her work.  For example, she discusses Froude’s views on the Newman affair, declaring that Froude thought it understandable that Kingsley found it difficult to comprehend Newman’s truth since the latter’s notion of what constituted truth was complicated and was different to that of normal men. 
Newman Controversy ; Froude .

Rothblatt, Sheldon.  The Revolution of the Dons: Cambridge and Society in Victorian England (New York: Basic Books, 1968).
Rothblatt briefly discusses Kingsley’s views on history.  He had an aversion to Comtean influences on undergraduates and teachers and he disagreed with the positivists’ minimizing of the influence of great individuals on the course of history.  While Kingsley accepted that there were laws in history and that scientific methods were useful to the historian, he disagreed with those who held that history was an exact science that could be explained by the application of a number of physical laws. Rather, Kingsley believed that history “was mainly biography” (170). 
History ; Comte ; “The Limits of Exact Science as Applied to History” .

Allen, Peter.  “Christian Socialism and the Broad Church Circle,” Dalhousie Review Vol. 49 (Spring, 1969): 58-68.
Allen discusses Kingsley’s involvement in the Christian Socialist movement of 1848-1854.  He argues that most of the Christian Socialists were members of the Broad Church circle and that political radicalism or political socialism was far from being their principal concern.  Rather, they believed that moral or educational reform of the working classes must precede political action, a viewpoint strongly adhered to by Kingsley.  Though a minority of the Christian Socialists, for example J. M. Ludlow, advocated extreme political reform, Allen suggests that the evidence indicates  “that we cannot understand Christian Socialism and its leaders if we look only to the history of political radicalism, but that the movement might appear in a new and valuable light through a thorough study of the Broad Church circle.  Rather than seeing Christian Socialism as primarily a political movement diverted from its true aims, we should, I think, see it as an outgrowth of a school of religious thought and of a certain intellectual and social group in Victorian society” (66-67). 
Christian Socialism ; Religion ; Social and Political Views .

Brantlinger, Patrick.  “The Case against Trade Unions in Early Victorian Fiction,” Victorian Studies Vol. XIII, No. 1 (September 1969): 37-52.
Kingsley’s reaction to the Preston Strike of 1853-54 and his views in Alton Locke, according to Brantlinger, reveal his hostility to strikes and trade unions.  The primary problem with trade unions for Kingsley is that “they are competitive rather than cooperative associations” (47). 
Alton Locke ; Social and Political Views ; Trade Unions .

Daumas, Phillippe.  “Charles Kingsley's Style in Alton Locke ,” Les Langues Modernes Vol. 63 (1969): 169-75.
Daumas argues that due to Kingsley’s conflicting views on Chartism there is a certain mystification in Alton Locke .  Though the novel seems to be an advocacy of Chartism and social reform, the reader when finished understands that it is really an espousal of charity and Christianity.  “Contrary to what one had been led to think, Alton Locke is not a tract in support of socialism, but a vindication of Kingsley’s own conception of Christianity” (169). 
Alton Locke ; Chartism ; Social and Political Views ; Religion .

Baker, William J.  “Charles Kingsley on the Crimean War: A Study in Chauvinism.”  Southern Humanities Review Vol. IV, No. 3 (Summer 1970): 247-256.
Baker notes that the Crimean War was occurring while Kingsley was writing Westward Ho!, a war to which he refers over and over in this novel. Numerous aspects of this later war were similar, he believed, in many respects to the earlier war with Spain.  The chauvinism he consistently displayed during the Crimean War fostered as well as reflected the chauvinism of his contemporaries.  Moreover, Kingsley, who never fought in a war, had a romantic “boy-like fantasy” view of war (254).  While in many ways, declares Baker, he was liberal, compassionate, a free-thinking cleric, a supporter of the poor, an advocate for social reform, a critic of the discriminatory class system, “his liberal sensitivity stopped at the northern edge of the English Channel”.  He combined in a contradictory stance “an insightful concern for his country's social problems alongside an uncritical bellicosity toward national foes” (255). 
Westward Ho! ; Crimean War ; War ; Chauvinism ; Social and Political Views .

Byrom, Thomas.  “Introduction” to Charles Kingsley, Alton Locke: Tailor and Poet (London: Dent 1970): v-xi.
Byrom considers Alton Locke to be an ambiguous and confusing novel.  Kingsley is ambivalent about violence.  While he clearly sides with Alton and the notion of a fighting working class, he also agrees with the orderly and conservative ideals of an aristocracy enlightened by the Church.  Kingsley is surprising in leaving Catholicism relatively untouched; rather it is the dissenters, especially the Baptists, who receive a harsh criticism.  Also, the Tractarians are criticized as is Transcendentalism which Byrom considers Kingsley failed to understand properly.  Unlike Yeast which suffered from an excessive authorial presence, the autobiographical mode of Alton Locke results in a work more a novel than a tract.  Byrom concludes that Alton Locke , though entertaining, “is only a fitful success.  Reading it is rather like watching a film in which much of the footage is out of focus” (ix).  Though it is primarily to be considered a failure when compared to the works of Dickens, this is instructive.  “Alton Locke was written when English fiction enjoyed its greatest moment, and without it we should have a harder time understanding the achievement of Dickens, who in so many respects shared the conservative, reforming, doubting, bitter, compassionate sensibility of the stuttering Rector of Eversley” (x). 
Alton Locke ; Dissent ; Transcendentalism ; Dickens ; Social and Political Views .

See Chadwick 1972

Smith, Sheila M.  “Blue Books and Victorian Novelists,” The Review of English Studies , New Ser. Vol. XXI (1970): 23-40.
Smith considers the use by Kingsley and Disraeli in Yeast and Sybil respectively of the 1843 Blue book, Report on the Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture .  Echoing his brother-in-law Sir Sidney Godolphin Osborne who had supplied evidence for the Report, Kingsley in Yeast rejects the common romantic depiction of the countryside as beautiful and idyllic especially when contrasted with the ugliness and squalor of industrial cities.  Smith also declares that Kingsley in common with other Victorian novelists used the content of Blue books to express ideals and spiritual truths.  In writing of the misery and dreadfulness of rural areas, Kingsley "expressed his belief in man's responsibility for his brother, gave the lie to romantic, idealized descriptions of the countryside, and suggested the way in which the Christian Church can help redeem society" (39). 
Yeast; Blue Books ; Rural Life ; Disraeli .

See Smith 1987

Williams, A. R. "Alton Locke by Charles Kingsley (1850)," East London Papers Vol. 13 (Summer 1970): 36-40.
Williams counts Kingsley among those Victorian writers who sought to reveal in their works society’s evils to indifferent and oblivious middle and upper classes.  In particular, Alton Locke is important for “historians of London’s East End because it portrays vividly and, as far as one can tell, reliably, the conditions of the sweated tailors of this district in the middle of the nineteenth century” (37).  Williams sees Kingsley as more than just a depicter of societal problems.  As a solution Kingsley advocated three prongs of attack: the masses’ self-improvement through education, organization in trade unions, and governmental reform. 
Social and Political Novel ; Alton Locke ; Social and Political Views .

Baker, William J.  “A Victorian Chapter in Anglo-American Understanding: Three Letters From Charles Kingsley to ‘Little London’, Colorado,” Notes and Queries Vol. 216 (March 1971): 91-97.
Baker publishes and discusses three letters Kingsley published in the Colorado Springs newspaper Out West . The first was a series of reflections on international relations and politics occasioned by the recovery of the Prince of Wales from typhoid fever. The second concerned the affair of the ship Alabama during the American Civil War; the third was a report on American visitors to Chester while Kingsley was a canon of Chester Cathedral. 
Colorado Springs ; America .

Coleman, Dorothy.  “Rabelais and The Water-Babies ,” Modern Language Review Vol. 66, No. 3 (July 1971): 511-21.
Coleman examines the influence of Rabelais on Kingsley and, more specifically, discusses Rabelaisian themes, echoes, and style in The Water-Babies . 
Rabelais ; The Water-Babies .

Edwards, David Lawrence.  Leaders of the Church of England, 1828-1944 (London; New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
Edwards declares that Kingsley’s courage in writing his manifesto on 10 April, 1848 at the time of the Chartist upheaval has been exaggerated.  Many other preachers and religious journalists sympathized with the social and political sentiments of Kingsley, Maurice, et al.  However, Kingsley was indeed courageous in going further than merely sympathizing with the demands of the workers.  He actually worked alongside them and “it was this that in the 1850s brought on Kingsley, and on Maurice, the wrath of the religious Tories of the Record and the Quarterly Review – and of secularists such as Karl Marx who feared competition from the Christian Socialists’ ‘holy water’” (136). 
Social and Political Views ; Chartism .

Faber, Richard.  Proper Stations: Class in Victorian Fiction (London: Faber and Faber, 1971). 
Faber discusses Kingsley’s views on class relations focusing in particular on the novels Yeast and Alton Locke .  He also pays especial attention to a comparison and contrast of these views with those of Disraeli.  Because of his belief in a Christian Brotherhood, Kingsley was more genuinely democratic than Disraeli.  He also had less interest than Disraeli in the place of old blood and family.  Both men, however, conscious of social problems pervading the working classes, wished to improve the condition of the people through such intervention as better sanitation, increased church action, and greater involvement of the upper classes.  Still, contends Faber, both men, despite some radical sympathies, were essentially Conservatives, Kingsley becoming more conservative as he aged.  Nevertheless, Kingsley, who wished that upper class qualities be more widely disseminated among all classes, was not rigid in his opinions on class, mainly due to his notion of a Christian Brotherhood.  “The ideal of Christian Brotherhood may have encouraged some illusions about existing, or impending, class relations; but it saved Kingsley from the sense of caste that oppressed so many of his contemporaries” (96). 
Social and Political Views ; Disraeli ; Yeast ; Alton Locke .

Keating, P. J.  The Working Classes in Victorian Fiction (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1971).
Keating makes numerous references to Kingsley in this work, particularly to Alton Locke .  Keating declares that the depiction of slum life in the episode where Sandy Mackaye takes young Alton on a tour of working-class London is representative of most pre-1880s accounts of slum life in Victorian fiction.  It is all foulness, all horror, with no redeeming vitality, humor or humanity.  Keating contrasts this type of scene with what he declares are the more subtle portrayals of slum life in Dickens.  Though the latter also frequently represents the squalor of slums, he usually depicts their inhabitants as possessing humor and vigor.  He humanizes the slum and, unlike Kingsley, does not accept that the pervasive physical meanness represents the whole of working-class life. 
Alton Locke ; Dickens ; Working-Class life, Depiction of .

Raban, Jonathan.  “Mr. Kingsley & Master Locke,” New Statesman Vol. 81 (7 May, 1971): 643-644.
Raban strongly criticizes Kingsley's depiction of the working classes in Alton Locke , maintaining that his view of them, in common with that of many contemporary members of the genteel classes, tended towards the voyeuristic, indecent, and sexual.  Raban also observes that the ending of this novel is among the worst in English fiction. 
Alton Locke ; Working-Class Life, Depiction of .

Brantlinger, Patrick, “Bluebooks, the Social Organism, and the Victorian Novel,” Criticism: A Quarterly for Literature and the Arts Vol. XIV, No. 4 (Fall 1972): 328-344.
Brantlinger discusses how several early Victorian writers were influenced by parliamentary bluebooks and other official and social investigations.  He briefly refers to the example of Lancelot, hero of Kingsley’s Yeast who immersed himself in a plethora of bluebooks and other reports in his examination of the ‘Condition-of-the-Poor question'.  It was partly though the study of such reports that Lancelot's social conscience was stirred. 
Blue Books ; Yeast; Social and Political Novel .

Chadwick, Owen.  The Victorian Church . Part II.  2nd ed. (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972; first published 1970).
Chadwick discusses the Kingsley-Newman controversy, stressing that Kingsley was heavily outmatched by his opponent.  In response to certain critics who felt that Kingsley had been excessively treated in the Apologia , Newman made changes in subsequent editions and the title became History of my religious opinions .  “By these alterations and change of title he aimed to leave Kingsley behind, to remove the occasion of writing and lift the book above the controversy which produced it” (415). 
Newman Controversy .

Downes, David Anthony.  “Reverend Charles Kingsley: Prophet of Convulsion,” in The Temper of Victorian Belief: Studies in the Religious Novels of Pater, Kingsley, and Newman (New York: Twayne, 1972): 48-81.
Downes examines Kingsley’s style, which he terms “plain prophecy”, and his religious views.  He also discusses differences in style and temper between Kingsley and Newman, arguing that time has effected a “monumental irony on historical and critical judgment”.  He considers Newman to be a “medieval personalist” whereas Kingsley is a “prophetical modernist” (81).  Hypatia , argues Downes from his lengthy treatment of the novel, “represents Kingsley’s search for a way of expressing how religious faith in Christianity happens, and what it means in the most concrete personalist terms his imagination would conjure.  However philosophically vague, there is an attempt at a kind of phenomenology of faith, what Newman called ‘a grammar of assent.’  The tenability of Christianity as believable by people encountering their worlds on the most basic human levels is what Kingsley was striving to examine” (79). 
Religion ; Newman ; Hypatia; History.

Harris, Wendell V.  “Fiction and Metaphysics in the Nineteenth Century,” in R. G. Collins (ed.) The Novel and its Changing Form (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1972): 59-71.
Harris discusses Yeast and Alton Locke labelling Kingsley together with Disraeli “the most interesting examples of nineteenth-century novelists operating within the transcendental tradition” (62). 
Yeast ; Alton Locke ; Transcendentalism .

Rowse, A. L. “Charles Kingsley at Eversley (I),” Contemporary Review   Vol. 221, No. 1282 (Nov. 1972): 234-238;  “Charles Kingsley at Eversley (2),” Contemporary Review   Vol. 221, No. 1283 (Dec. 1972): 322-326;  “Charles Kingsley at Eversley (3),” Contemporary Review   Vol. 221, No. 1284 (Jan. 1973): 7-12. 
In these three short articles Rowse discusses a visit he paid to Eversley and provides a brief overview of Kingsley's life and works set against the background of Eversley. 
Overview ; Eversley .

Cazamian, Louis. The Social Novel in England 1830-1850: Dickens, Disraeli, Mrs. Gaskell, Kingsley Trans. Martin Fido (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973; first published in French in 1903).
Cazamian provides a lengthy examination of Kingsley's life and works, focusing on his Christian Socialist activities and, particularly, on how Christian Socialism is represented in his novels, Yeast and Alton Locke .  Cazamian considers Kingsley a "gifted writer" who employs these novels as a "propaganda vehicle" to describe the age's "most vital aims and ideals" (241). 
Overview ; Social and Political Views ; Christian Socialism ; Alton Locke ; Yeast ; Novels .

Frappell, L. O. “Coleridge and the ‘Coleridgeans’ on Luther," Journal of Religious History Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1973): 307-323. 
Frappell briefly considers Kingsley’s views on Luther. He contends that Kingsley certainly had a very high regard for Luther but that this regard was tempered by the belief that Luther in his stress on the individual’s striving for the absolute did not care sufficiently for Christianity’s social message. Kingsley influenced by Christian Socialism had a higher regard for such individuals as the late medieval German mystics and John Tauler of Strasbourg who combined a desire to ally social transformation with their quest for the absolute. 
Christian Socialism ; Luther .

Huxley, Elspeth.  The Kingsleys: A Biographical Anthology (Allen & Unwin, 1973).
This is an anthology of selections from the works of Charles, Henry, and George Kingsley.  Huxley considers that Charles Kingsley, “the archetypal Victorian”, will be remembered more as a social reformer, a storyteller and an eccentric “than as a poet or serious novelist” (9). 
Overview .

See Rowse 1972

Seaver, George.  Charles Kingsley: Poet (Folcroft Library Editions, 1973).
This is a short volume, about forty pages, examining Kingsley's poetry. Seaver declares that his poetic output cannot be considered great either for its output or for its quality.  Still, he praises much of his poetry and argues that "it has its own distinctive note: among the minor poets of our language he stands high" (3-4).  Seaver also lauds the poetic nature of Kingsley's prose; much is "prose-poetry".  In fact, his quality as a poet may be especially seen in his pen-pictures of nature and scenery in his Prose Idylls and in his novels.  However, Seaver concludes that the main interest will abide in Kingsley the man rather than Kingsley the poet. 
Overview ; Poetry ; Prose Rhythm ; Saint's Tragedy, The .

Backstrom, Philip N.  Christian Socialism and Co-operation in Victorian England: Edward Vansittart Neale and the Co-operative Movement (London: Croom Helm, 1974).
Backstrom makes several mentions of Kingsley's activities in the Christian Socialist movement. 
Christian Socialism .

Chitty, Susan.  The Beast and the Monk: A Life of Charles Kingsley (New York: Mason/Charter, 1974).
For this excellent book-length biography of Kingsley Chitty had access to three hundred love letters from Kingsley to Fanny that had hithertoo not been viewed by anyone outside the family, as well as to a locked diary kept by Fanny in Nice during her year's separation from Kingsley in 1843.  The latter contained some revealing, sexually charged drawings.  Chitty declares that it is because of these new sources "that the present biography can claim to give a fuller and more intimate picture of Kingsley than any that has till now appeared" (17). 
Full Book Treatment ; Overview ; Sexuality ; Social and Political Views .

Dottin, Françoise.  “Chartism and Christian Socialism in Alton Locke ,” Politics in Literature in the Nineteenth Century (Lille: Centre d'Etudes Victoriennes, U. de Lille, 1974): 31-59.
Dottin discusses Kingsley's social and political views as represented in Alton Locke, especially those relating to Chartism and Christian Socialism, as well as his own practical endeavors in these areas. She concludes that while Kingsley is somewhat difficult to categorize, he is "neither a revolutionary nor a fawning aristocrat", and that he is best described by the two words Christian and socialist (54). 
Alton Locke ; Chartism ; Christian Socialism ; Social and Political Views ; Social and Political Novel .

Scott, Patrick. “Tennyson and Charles Kingsley,” Tennyson Research Bulletin Vol 2, No. 3 (November 1974): 135-136.
Scott discusses nine letters from the Kingsleys to Tennyson held in the Tennyson Research Centre, Lincoln, England.  While they do not appear to have been close friends, the letters show that for over twenty years they maintained an intermittent acquaintance.  Scott also mentions some other links, especially literary ones, between Kingsley and Tennyson. 
Tennyson .

Banton, Michael.  “Kingsley’s Racial Philosophy,” Theology Vol. LXXVIII, No. 655 (Jan., 1975): 22-30.
In this short examination of Kingsley's views on race Banton warns of the danger of presentism, that is interpreting these views in terms of the perspective and context of a later period.  Some of Kingsley's writings, declares Banton, have been considered with a presentism interpretation and he himself "has at times been categorized as a racist by authors who reflect very little before applying this highly elastic contemporary category to people living in a period when the understanding of the biological nature of man was very different" (22). 
Racial Prejudices ; Presentism ; Darwin ; Evolution .

Beer, Gillian.  “Kingsley: 'pebbles on the shore',” The Listener Vol. 93 (17 April, 1975): 506-7.
Beer briefly considers Kingsley’s views on the importance of catering to children’s imaginative needs.  She reviews certain attributes of The Water-Babies.  It is distressful, very funny, and full of social and political digressions; some of its episodes are cruel and make us wince; it is very sensual and crammed with physical experiences.  She discusses the important role aspects of evolutionary theory play throughout the work.  “It is hard, I think, to over-emphasise the richness of Kingsley’s recognition of mythic elements in the ideas of development and mutation, of ‘metamorphosis’ as Darwin sometimes calls it . . .”  In addition, complementing physical transformation, moral transformation, the responsibility of the individual himself, is a very significant theme in the work.  Beer also stresses that Mother Carey is a female principle of creativity, as opposed to the more usual male God.  Because of the occurrences of child death in The Water-Babies Beer views it as a kindertotenlied , “another of those attempts to give meaning to the death of children, so deeply and terribly needed by the Victorians” (507). 
The Water-Babies ; Evolution ; Females ; Child Death ; Science .

Chadwick, Owen.  "Charles Kingsley at Cambridge," The Historical Journal Vol. XVIII, No. 2 (1975): 303-325.
Chadwick examines Kingsley’s time at Cambridge both as an undergraduate and as the Regius Chair of Modern History.  In addition to considering the circumstances of his election as Professor and the reactions of University personnel and the wider community, Chadwick discusses such topics as his pedagogical abilities, the responses of the students, the content of his lectures, and his philosophy of history.  Chadwick also intersperses accounts of many of Kingsley’s views on, for example, Catholicism, Newman, science, evolution, sanitation, sexuality, muscular Christianity, together with brief treatments of some of his novels.  He concludes: “But unsophisticated, no; natural, only when he intended naturalness; innocent, not merely no but quite the opposite – who would have thought the good man to have so much blood in his fancy?  If you go along with Kingsley until you begin to know him, you wonder whether this unsubtle man was not one of the most complicated souls you ever met” (325). 
Overview ; Cambridge University ; History Professor ; History ; Social and Political Views .

Chadwick, Owen. “Kingsley’s Chair,” Theology Vol. LXXVIII, No. 655 (Jan., 1975): 2-8.
In this brief article Chadwick considers the background to Kingsley being offered the Regius Chair of Modern History at Cambridge.  He also posits that later critics have tended to be unfair in their critical accounts of him as a scholar of history. Though Kingsley was no Creighton nor Acton, he was better than Goldwin Smith, his contemporary at Oxford. Moreover, Kingsley was well appreciated by Cambridge's undergraduates. 
History ; Cambridge University ; History Professor .

Colloms, Brenda.  Charles Kingsley: The Lion of Eversley (London: Constable, 1975).
This is a book-length biography that examines the myriad sides to Kingsley's life.  Colloms concludes that if the abundantly gifted Kingsley had been more single-minded, more ambitious, and less sensitive, he might have attained a more prominent position in literary history or in the Church or in science. 
Overview ; Full Book Treatment .

Cunningham, Valentine.  Everywhere Spoken Against: Dissent in the Victorian Novel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975).
Mentions of Kingsley's generally critical views on Dissent occur frequently in this work. 
Dissent .

Hickin, Rev. Leonard.  “Charles Kingsley, 1819-1875,” The Expository Times Vol. LXXXVI, No. 5 (Feb. 1975): 146-150.
This is an appreciation of the life and works of Kingsley one hundred years after his death.  Hickin focuses on Kingsley’s Christianity, his religious views and his practical work as a minister.  He concludes that he “was a devoted pastor, a gifted preacher, and an outstanding Christian leader” (149). 
Overview ; Parson, Kingsley as ; Religion .

Kovacevic, Ivanka.  “Charles Kingsley's Imperialism and the Victorian Frame of Mind,” Filoloski Pregled: Casopis Saveza Drustava za Strane Jezike I Knjizevnost SFRJ Vol. 3-4 (1975): 55-72.
Kovacevic examines what he considers to be Kingsley's manifest jingoism, racism, and imperialism, declaring that his views on these topics were similar to those of Thomas Carlyle, Max Muller, and J. A. Froude.  He discusses briefly Kingsley's stance on the Governor Eyre controversy, his xenophobia, his generally negative opinion of the Spanish, the Irish, the Russians, the Indians, and others.  He declares that "Kingsley was a pure racist" who "taught that primitive natives are mere animals" (68).  Kingsley justified his imperialism by his belief "that some are born to command and some to obey, and he extended this belief to include nations and races as well.  If those of 'noble blood' have the right to command, it follows that the Aryans should govern inferior races" (55-56).  Nevertheless, Kovacevic writes that Kingsley, neither a theorist nor ideologist, should not bear too much responsibility for the practical politics of the day.  His racist and imperialist views were those already being expounded by great numbers of the contemporary educated English public.
Social and Political Views ; Racial Prejudices ; Imperialism ; Carlyle ; Muller, Max ; Froude .

Manlove, C. N. “Charles Kingsley (1819-75) and The Water-Babies ,” in his Modern Fantasy: Five Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975): 13-54.
Manlove relates this examination of the major themes, theories, and stylistic devices of The Water-Babies to Kingsley's wider views.  He contends that we should be tentative about categorically assigning a specific idea to Kingsley.  The one constant is the protean nature, the multiplicity, the diversity, the volatility, and uncertainty of his thought. Kingsley's many contradictions have "a natural home" in The Water-Babies (17).  Manlove believes that the split in Kingsley's depiction of Tom's character not only lies at the root of the difficulties in The Water-Babies and Kingsley's other works but also mirrors the manifest divisions in Kingsley's own personality and thought, for example the divide between Kingsley the materialist and the mystic, between Kingsley as scientist and Christian. Manlove concludes that "Kingsley was not more of a materialist than a mystic: rather he was each with divided faculties. About the only thing that unites the dualism in himself and his work is his vigour" (53).
The Water-Babies ; Dualism in Kingsley ; Natural Theology .

Meadows, A. J.  “Kingsley’s Attitude to Science,” Theology Vol. LXXVIII, No. 655 (January 1975): 15-22.
Meadows declares that Kingsley was unlike many of his religious contemporaries in his belief that science and even the theories of Darwin actually strengthened the truths of Christianity. He also states that Kingsley viewed science as a vehicle for improving society, for example the promotion of public health. In addition, Meadows writes that Kingsley though an enthusiastic practitioner of science was still an amateur in a field that was quickly becoming professional. 
Science ; Religion ; Darwin ; Health .

Raven, Simon.  "Simon Raven on the Perverse Mr. Kingsley," The Spectator (Jan. 25, 1975): 92.
In this review of Susan Chitty's 1975 biography of Kingsley, The Beast and the Monk , Raven favorably contrasts it with Brenda Colloms's biography, Charles Kingsley: The Lion of Eversley . The latter work is "a standard work of piety, decently done on its own terms" which provides Kingsley's "official face". However, Chitty, who had the advantage of accessing three hundred previously unpublished letters by Kingsley to his wife Fanny as well as a locked diary by Fanny which she kept during the time of the couple's courting, succeeded, according to Raven, in looking under the surface and getting beyond the commonly known Kingsley. In short, she removed "the mask". 
Overview .

Scott, P. G. “Kingsley as Novelist,” Theology Vol. LXXVIII, No. 655 (January 1975): 8-15.
Scott argues that it is mistaken for modern critics to focus exclusively on the propaganda element in  Kingsley's novels, namely that they are fictional vehicles utilized to propagate such doctrines as Christian Socialism and muscular Christianity.  Such thinking, declares Scott, neglects the important imaginative quality of the novels, even of the more propagandistic and moralistic ones. Rather, "Re-read after a hundred years, they seem less Victorian documents than Victorian dreams" (9). 
Novels .

Street, Brian V.  The Savage in Literature: Representations of ‘Primitive’ Society in English Fiction 1858-1920 (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
Street briefly discusses Kingsley’s depiction of degeneration of society, of race, of individuals.  The main reason for degeneration was weak morality as exemplified by the Doasyoulikes in The Water-Babies . On the other hand, man might also progress once he adheres to the proper Victorian ethical values.  “By following Christian ethics, we will progress ‘up’ the evolutionary scale, but if we are sinful and lazy, like the savages, then we will degenerate” (91). 
Degeneration of Society ; Evolution .

Uffelman, Larry K. “Kingsley, the Poet, and the Press,” Kansas Quarterly Vol. 7, No. 4 (1975): 79-84.
Uffelman discusses Kingsley’s relationship to the press.  In 1867 he edited for a short period Fraser’s Magazine ; he helped found the Christian Socialist journals, Politics for the People and the Christian Socialist ; he published reviews and articles in North British Review , Good Words , Good Words for the Young , and Macmillan’s Magazine ; he first published in journals his prose idylls, many poems, and four of his novels.  However, his connections with periodicals were not always smooth.  He was frequently attacked by the press, especially during the 1840’s and 1850’s and his enemies used the reviews to assail him.  Kingsley’s bitterness toward the press is evident in such novels as Alton Locke and Two Years Ago where newspapers and journals and the people who write for them are treated with sarcasm and distrust. 
Overview ; Press, Relationship to .

Vance, Norman.  “Kingsley’s Christian Manliness,” Theology Vol. LXXVIII, No. 655 (January 1975): 30-38.
Vance declares that Plato's doctrine of thumos was central to Kingsley's notion of manliness.  In addition, his ideal of manliness required a sound religious basis as well as a distinct moral independence that eshews fatalism and moral inertia.  Rejecting what he called the Manichaeism of some Tractarians and Evangelicals who finding the world hopelessly evil withdraw from it, Kingsley held that the ideal of true Christian manliness required working strenuously within the world to ameliorate it. Kingsley also embraced the more common understanding of manliness by lauding the cultivation of the body by sport and physical exertion. 
Muscular Christianity ; Manliness ; Religion ; Plato .

Brock, W. H.  "Glaucus : Kingsley and the Seaside Naturalists," Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens Vol. 3 (1976): 25-36.
Brock examines Kingsley the seaside naturalist, placing him in the context of the contemporary scientific community.  Though much of his work, for example Glaucus , was derivative and popular in nature, he was a good amateur naturalist.  For two thirds of the century there were few professional natural historians.  Brock sees one of Kingsley's most significant contributions to science being his advocacy for increased science education and his desire that it be a suitable occupation for all social classes.  Science might prove an appropriate entrée for advancement into higher society for an individual barred by more traditional societal conventions.  “. . . Kingsley became a powerful spokesman for science education at a time when this was becoming an important issue among the professional scientific community” (34). 
Science ; Education ; Natural History ; Glaucus.

Calder, Jenni.  Women and Marriage in Victorian Fiction (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976).
Kingsley, writes Calder, viewed the home as the primary place for women. Middle class women might do good work on behalf of the underprivileged but they should never neglect their own families.  “. . . fundamentally he could see no other role for them in the state except as educators of womanhood” (76). 
Females .

Chitty, Susan.  Charles Kingsley’s Landscape (Newton Abbot; North Pomfret, Vt.: David and Charles, 1976).
The first part of this work is essentially a biography of Kingsley with particular focus on the places he lived and visited, especially those in Devon. Most of the second part is an examination of the places, again mainly in Devon, mentioned in his works, particularly Westward Ho! , Two Years Ago , and The Water-Babies . 
Overview ; Devon ; Westward Ho! ; Two Years Ago ; The Water-Babies .

Horsman, Reginald.  “Origins of Racial Anglo-Saxonism in Great Britain Before 1850,” Journal of the History of Ideas Vol XXXVII, No. 3 (July-September 1976): 387-410.
Discusses Kingsley’s frequent espousal of the Teutons and their society and his belief that they regenerated a degenerate Europe at the close of the Roman Empire.  He also mentions the racial prejudices of Kingsley, admirer and defender of Rajah Brooke, and his view that some races were better off dead.  Kingsley was sanguine that the Anglo-Saxons were spreading Teutonic virtues throughout the world and in so doing were enlarging the kingdom of God.  “The reign of world peace, order, and morality was to be established by the Anglo-Saxon-Teutonic Christians, and if necessary it was to be founded on the bodies of inferior races” (410). 
Social and Political Views ; Racial prejudices ; Teutons ; Anglo-Saxons .

Leavis, Q. D. “The Water Babies ,” Children's Literature in Education Vol. 23 (Winter 1976): 155-163. 
Leavis regrets that the “excitingly written and splendidly imaginative Victorian classic” The Water-Babies is no longer read by children (155).  She argues that its literary merits justify that it be kept in circulation and suggests various ways it might be used in modern children’s education.  “The combination of drama, saga, nonsense, science, magic, poetry and comedy Kingsley invented is irresistible and became a mode adopted by writers for children in the later 19th and the 20th centuries with great success” (163). 
The Water-Babies ; Sambourne, Linley ; Illustrations ; Children ; Education .

Lucas, John A. “Victorian 'Muscular Christianity': Prologue to the Olympic Games Philosophy,” Olympic Review Vol. 99/100 (1976): 49-52.
Lucas discusses the origin of and the influences on the philosophy of sport of Baron Pierre de Coupertin (1863-1937), founder of the modern Olympic Games.  He reveals that Coupertin’s Pedagogie Sportive (1934) credits Kingsley, as well as Arnold, with changing the definition and the course of non-professional sport. 
Sport ; Muscular Christianity ; Manliness .

Muller, Charles H.  “ Alton Locke : Kingsley's Dramatic Sermon,” Unisa English Studies Vol. 14, Nos. 2-3 (1976): 9-20.
Though much of Alton Locke , according to Muller, reads as a political tract and Alton himself is represented through most of the novel as a dangerous agitator, a dramatic change occurs at the end with Alton renouncing his subversive views and embracing religion as a solution.  Kingsley seeing no distinction between the secular and the religious, believed that such desiderata as sanitary reform and social emancipation would come about through spiritual or religious emancipation. Alton Locke may be viewed not primarily as a Chartist novel but as an expression of Kingsley's Christian work on behalf of the poorer classes.  The novel "is really a Christian novel, written in the spirit of his sermons which never failed to emphasize, on the one hand, the Gospel message of the Kingdom of God, and, on the other, personal salvation or reform" (9). 
Alton Locke ; Chartism ; Religion .

Ryan, J. S. “In an English Country Churchyard,” Journal and Proceedings (Armidale and District Historical Society) Vol. 19 (1976): 63-72.
Ryan briefly discusses Charles and Henry Kingsley’s lives in the village of Eversley paying particular attention to a number of connections between Australia and the village. 
Eversley ; Australia ; Kingsley, Henry .

Sutherland, J. A. “Westward Ho! ‘A Popularly Successful Book’” in his Victorian Novelists and Publishers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976): 117-132.
Sutherland discusses the publication process of Westward Ho! and Kingsley’s relationship with its publisher Macmillan's.  “The result of the collaboration was one of the most remarkable bestsellers of the century” (122).  Though the novel, according to Sutherland, benefited from the moderating influence of the publisher, many readers were disturbed by certain elements, above all its pathology and violence. 
Westward Ho! ; Macmillan’s ; Publication .

Uffelman, Larry K., and P. G. Scott,  “Kingsley's Serial Novels: Yeast ,” Victorian Periodicals Newsletter Vol. IX, No. 4 (December 1976): 111-119.
Uffelman and Scott discuss the early publication history of Yeast which first appeared anonymously in six monthly installments in Fraser’s Magazine from July to December 1848 and which was later republished in volume format in 1851.  They pay particular attention to the revisions Kingsley made in the volume text.  In addition to tempering many phrases which might have upset orthodox religious sensibilities, Kingsley also added much anti-Catholic material in the 1851 book, especially in the sub-plot concerning Luke, the Tractarian curate and Lancelot’s cousin.  The other major revision involved expanding the ‘discussion’ element in the last part of the novel where Lancelot meets the prophet Barnakill.  This tilts “the balance of the novel towards the question of religious belief” (117).  With respect to the diverse revisions Uffelman and Scott declare that “The new and topical sub-plot devoted to Luke’s conversion to Catholicism made the novel more abstract and theological, as did also the expanded conversation with the prophet in the last chapter.  The minor revisions, however, suggest an interesting slight softening in Kingsley’s attitudes to more orthodox religious earnestness, and show also that Kingsley himself had become aware of some of the unevenness of plot and tone which serial composition had encouraged in his first novel” (118-119). 
Yeast; Catholicism ; Religion ; Publication .

Vulliamy, Colwyn E.  "Charles Kingsley and Christian Socialism," in Writers and Rebels: From the Fabian Biographical Series , ed. by Michael Katanka (London: Knight, 1976; Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1976), 159-191 (first published as a Fabian Tract in 1914).
Vulliamy examines Kingsley’s views as a socialist as they developed and changed throughout his life, paying particular attention to his connection with Chartism, his work in sanitation, his socialist publications, and his activities in the Christian Socialist movement.  Vulliamy stresses that Kingsley the socialist was extremely constitutional and on no account revolutionary.  In addition, he accepted the system of social classes as divinely ordained and were not be changed.  The pervasive social ills were to be blamed on the individual not the class.  He concludes that “Kingsley’s power is to be found, not in the startling or original nature of his views, but in his manly and uncompromising advocacy of those views, and in the example of a most living and vigorous personality” (189). 
Overview ; Social and Political Views ; Chartism ; Christian Socialism .

Brantlinger, Patrick.  “Christian Socialism,” in The Spirit of Reform: British Literature and Politics, 1832-1867 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977): 129-149.
Brantlinger analyzes the Christian Socialist theme in Alton Locke .  He considers that there is a distinct and paradoxical duality in the novel. Alton personifies the two extremes of, on the one hand, wishing to remain faithful to his working class origins and, on the other, his desire to become one of the middle class.  "Tailor and Poet" like "Christian Socialist" is an oxymoron.  The moral of Alton Locke is not that he should adopt such working class features as Chartism and trade unionism and eschew middle class values, nor is it that he should remain fixed in his working class milieu and never seek to improve himself.  Rather Kingsley wished to point the moral "that a worker should not be ashamed of his status and that he should do whatever he can within legal and Christian boundaries to help the other members of his class" (140). 
Alton Locke ; Christian Socialism .

Harrington, Henry R.  “Charles Kingsley's Fallen Athlete,” Victorian Studies Vol. 21, No. 1 (Autumn 1977): 73-86.
In his treatment of Kingsley's views on sport, physical activity, and the nature of manliness, Harrington declares that Kingsley, who detested the notion of muscular Christianity, held that the manly Christian's passions must be checked by "'feminine virtue'", that is morality and self-restraint.  Kingsley believed that it was difficult for the manly Christian to come down from the exalted sporting moment which offered distraction from the problems of normal existence and from sexual frustration.  To do so is essentially a fall.  However, "because of 'feminine virtue', it is a fortunate fall.  Within Kingsley's private theodicy, the fallen athlete and the manly Christian are one in a fictional world redeemed by his faith in 'feminine virtue'" (74). 
Athleticsm ; Sport ; Muscular Christianity ; Females .

Hartley, Allan John. The Novels of Charles Kingsley: A Christian Social Interpretation (Folkestone: The Hour-Glass Press, 1977).
Hartley in this book-length study interprets Kingsley's novels in the light of the influence of the Christian Social Movement. He contends that Kingsley is unusual in using novels to set forth the message of one whom he, together with many others, viewed as the age's greatest prophet, F. D. Maurice. "The value of Kingsley's novels ultimately lies less in their advocacy of liberality and reform, than in their insistent justification of both on the basis of Christian humanism.  Kingsley's inspiration sprang from Maurice whose reading of the Bible had shown his disciple the meaning, both of Christianity and of history, and the novels proclaim that social improvement had necessarily to proceed within the existing framework of society, which for Kingsley meant a Christian dispensation based on Commandments engraven on tablets of stone and interpreted by sacrificial love.  A minor prophet proclaiming a minor one, Kingsley thus added a new dimension to the novel" (169).
Christian Socialism ; Maurice ; Religion ; Social and Political Views ; Novels ; Yeast ; Alton Locke ; Hypatia ; Westward Ho! ; Two Years Ago ; Hereward the Wake .

Vernon, Sally.  “Trouble Up at t’Mill: The Rise and Decline of the Factory Play in the 1830s and 1840s,” Victorian Studies Vol. XX, No. 2 (Winter 1977): 117-139.
Vernon declares that Kingsley found objectionable the popular dramatists who catered to working class tastes and abhorred, as he reveals in Alton Locke , such popular theaters as the Victoria Theatre.  However, many of these playwrights in their melodramas wrote about such working class problems as poverty, social discord, industrial conflict, appalling factory conditions, themes dealt with by Kingsley himself in his novels.  “The result during the 1830s and 1840s was a small but significant body of plays dealing explicitly with factory conditions, and in some cases delineating those conditions with a stark realism that compares well with and complements the rather different approach of the industrial novelists of the 1840s” (118). 
Alton Locke ; Social and Political Views ; Factory Play .

Wolff, Robert Lee.  Gains and Losses: Novels of Faith and Doubt in Victorian England (New York and London: Garland, 1977).
Wolff praises Hypatia’s “vivid and engaging prose style”, its historical authenticity, the depiction of Hypatia, and its readability.  He writes that Kingsley had two main intentions in writing the novel. He was criticizing Transcendentalism, held by Emerson and others, wishing “to illustrate the dangers of the intellectual arrogance which falsely persuaded individual human beings that they could seek and find their own deity, ignoring the Church and religious tradition” (274).  Also, suspicious of the intellect and believing that the only path to faith was through emotional commitment, Kingsley was attacking the Tractarians and converts like Newman whom he held were “groping in the dead past for outworn dogmas and practices” (275). 
Hypatia; Emerson ; Transcendentalism ; Catholicism ; Celibacy .

Griffin, John R.  “Kingsley’s Attack on Newman: An Essay in Social History,” Faith & Reason Vol. 4 (1978): 17-27.
Griffin dismisses two common interpretations for Kingsley’s attack on Newman, first, that he was a bluff, enthusiastic, John Bull type of Protestant, totally lacking in malice, and two, that he did not believe that Newman was a liar but, rather, that he was guilty of unnatural attitudes towards marriage and sex.  On the contrary, Kingsley was indeed motivated by a belief that Newman lied.  Moreover, Griffin points to evidence from newspapers, journals, and books and from views of individuals in Kingsley’s own circle, for example Maurice and Froude, that this was a common long-standing belief in England.  Participating in this belief, “Kingsley’s failing was neither intellectual nor sexual: it was moral, the fault of judging others” (24). 
Newman Controversy ; Catholicism .

Haley, Bruce.  The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).
Haley in discussing Kingsley's confrontation with Newman focuses on his complex relationship with the notion of muscular Christianity.  Kingsley disliked the term and found offensive such critics as T. C. Sanders and Fitzjames Stephen who stressed the "muscular" aspect of his Christianity. Still, Kingsley strongly believed that the spiritual life was very compatible with both a sexual and a vigorous, active, sporting life.  Haley declares that he found philosophical justification for this attitude in three of Carlyle's theories: "the body is an expression of spirit, and therefore the obedience to healthy impulse is a sign of constitutional harmony; the state of health is a knowledge of the laws of nature and a compliance with these laws; and heroism is a life of action made possible by observing the laws of health" (111-112). 
Newman Controversy ; Muscular Christianity ; Sexuality ; Health ; Carlyle .

Redmond, Gerald. "The First Tom Brown's Schooldays: Origins and Evolution of ‘Muscular Christianity’ in Children’s Literature, 1762-1857," Quest Vol. 30 (Summer 1978): 4-18.
Redmond examines the origin and evolution of the notion of muscular Christianity in children’s literature during the period 1762 to 1857.  He declares that elements of this notion may be found before Kingsley and Hughes adopted it in such writers as Rousseau, Dorothy Kilner, George Mogridge, William Howitt, William Clarke, William Martin, S. G. Goodrich, Maria Edgeworth, Frederick Marryat, Harriet Martineau among others. The works of Hughes and Kingsley might be considered as the climax of literary treatment of muscular Christianity, “as the culmination of a gradual process of indoctrination which began in the previous century” (8). 
Muscular Christianity ; Hughes, Thomas .

Dawson, Carl. "Polemics: Charles Kingsley and Alton Locke ," in his Victorian Noon: English Literature in 1850 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979): 179-202.
Dawson provides an overview of Kingsley’s character, his social and religious views, especially those on Roman Catholicism, and his involvement in and his diverse attitudes towards socialism.  He discusses Alton Locke , “perhaps one of the oddest literary documents of nineteenth-century England” (180), declaring that its recognition in modern times owes something to Kingsley’s treatment being relevant to contemporary Marxist assessments of literature.  “Kingsley articulates the sense of waste in his protagonist’s life; he equates Alton with the social upheavals of his age, setting him against middle-class virtues and assumptions; and he creates in Alton a psychic battle between social activism and pastoral escape”.  In  addition, “ Alton Locke could figure in the survey that Georg Lukács, makes of the middling hero in nineteenth-century historical fiction” (201). 
Overview ; Social and Political Views ; Religion ; Catholicism ; Alton Locke ; Yeast.

Dorman, Susann.  “Hypatia and Callista : The Initial Skirmish between Kingsley and Newman,” Nineteenth-Century Fiction Vol. 34, No. 2 (September 1979): 173-193.
Dorman argues that the battle lines of the 1864 Kingsley-Newman controversy were drawn a decade earlier in the two ideologically opposite novels, Kingsley’s Hypatia and Newman’s Callista.  “. . . it is clear that the seed of the 1864 conflict which culminated in Newman’s personally triumphant Apologia Pro Vita Sua is deeply rooted in the philosophical antithesis between the novels Hypatia and Callista” (193).  Dorman also suggests that the criticism Kingsley received from Pusey for his novel’s alleged immorality, and his subsequent humiliation, strengthened his resolve not to be humiliated afresh years later but to make a strong attack on Newman in his 1864 pamphlet. 
Newman Controversy ; Hypatia .

Muller, Charles H.  “Poetics and Providence in Kingsley’s Two Years Ago ,” UNISA English Studies Vol. 17, No. 2 (1979): 29-39.
In this study of the respective roles of art and God in Two Years Ago Muller contends strongly that it was "Kingsley's recognition of Providence's role in his fiction which undermined the value of his art.  It made his art obtrusively didactic. . . . However, it was chiefly because of Kingsley's belief in the poetic - or, rather, religious - licence of Christian art that he considered himself free to obtrude his moral commentary" (38). 
Two Years Ago ; Art ; Religion .

Muller, Charles H.  Two Sermons of Charles Kingsley (Pietersburg, South Africa: University of the North, 1979).
This is the text of two previously unpublished sermon manuscripts from the Morris L. Parrish Collection, Princeton University Library.  Muller, the transcriber, notes Kingsley’s strong vein of compassion pervading the sermons. The first, originally preached at Eversley in 1846, stresses that God does not just belong to some far off eschatological future but that he is at hand in people’s normal daily life.  The second sermon, preached in 1851 at a child’s funeral, also focuses on a comforting God’s presence in everyday life.  Muller discusses the influence of F.D. Maurice’s teachings on Kingsley’s “understanding of the present relevance of divine Providence, and of the Kingdom of God as a present and spreading reality” (3).  Carlyle was another important influence.  Muller also discusses the style and the composition of these two sermons. Though they were manifestly quickly and carelessly written, probably very shortly before delivery, “Kingsley’s spoken words, as recorded in the sermons, must have had an almost magical, and very dramatic, effect on his congregation.  In each case the emotional climax shows how directly they came from the heart”(5). 
Sermons ; Eversley ; Religion ; Carlyle ; Maurice .

Newby, Richard L.  “Wilkie Collins's Man and Wife : Kingsley's Athlete Scouted,” McNeese Review Vol. 26 (1979-80): 47-54. 
Newby discusses Wilkie Collins's castigation in his 1869-70 Man and Wife of Kingsley's vaunted athleticism. He provides numerous reasons for Collins's dislike of Kingsley, ranging from the latter's status as a most respectable Establishment figure to Kingsley's denigration of the importance of the intellect. Collins viewed this anti-intellectualism as being closely connected to Kingsley's athleticism especially as advocated in the three novels Hereward the Wake, Two Years Ago , and Westward Ho! .  Man and Wife' s propagandizing against athleticism is Collins's retaliation. 
Collins, Wilkie ; Athleticism ; Hereward the Wake , Two Years Ago ; Westward Ho!

Prickett, Stephen.  “Adults in Allegory Land: Kingsley and MacDonald,” in his Victorian Fantasy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979): 150-197.
Prickett provides a lengthy examination of The Water-Babies comparing and contrasting it with several allegorical fantasies of George MacDonald.  Among other topics, he discusses the extent to which Kingsley was influenced by Wordsworth regarding his view of nature and his attitude to childhood, as well as by Rabelais.  He also examines Platonism, religion, evolution, and the nature of allegory in The Water-Babies .  Prickett declares that Kingsley and MacDonald have quite distinct mental sets.  “Kingsley, the botanist, marine biologist and historian is fascinated by every minute detail of this world; ‘other’ worlds are constructs – telling us yet more about this.  MacDonald is a temperamental Platonist, only interested in the surface of this world for the news it gives him of another, hidden reality, perceived, as it were, through a glass darkly” (193). 
The Water-Babies ; MacDonald, George ; Rabelais ; Wordsworth ; Nature ; Children ; Religion ; Plato ; Evolution .

Reboul, Marc.  “Charles Kingsley: The Rector in the City,” in Jean-Paul Hulin and Pierre Coustillas (eds.) Victorian Writers and the City (Lille: Publications de l'Université de Lille III, 1979): 41-72.
Reboul argues that Kingsley influenced by the Romantics and Neo-Platonic thought had come to regard contemporary city life to be the opposite of the Divine.  This view was reinforced by such experiences as the Bristol Riots of 1831, the 1849 cholera epidemic in London’s East End districts of Bermondsey and Jacob’s Island, and the appalling working conditions endured by tailors and others in London’s sweat shops.  Kingsley’s solution to the evils of city life involved an elimination of man’s exploitation of man and a Christianization and a humanization of the excesses of capitalism.  Above all, Kingsley, turning in his later years into an optimistic town-planner, viewed thorough sanitation reform as the vehicle that would rebuild cities in the image of God’s kingdom on earth.  Increasingly Kingsley believed “that man was now in a position to conquer and civilise Nature, to master his environment, and to lay the foundations of a new society, in which cities would no longer appear as diseased patches soiling the purity of the landscape, but as nuclei of organisation shining with all the brightness of their regenerated state” (62). 
Christian Socialism ; Sanitation ; Capitalism ; Town-planning .

Sanders, Andrew. “Last of the English: Charles Kingsley’s Hereward the Wake,” The Victorian Historical Novel, 1840-1880 (New York : St. Martin's, 1979): 149-167.
Sanders considers that Kingsley's historical novels, despite their obvious inadequacies, are not, in Henry James's terminology, "amateurish." In particular, he praises Hereward the Wake 's action, its characterization, and its presentation of a strange medieval period. Sanders also argues that some of this novel's themes, particularly the divine mission of the Teutons, had been anticipated by Kingsley in his 1860 Cambridge lectures, The Roman and the Teuton.  Above all, the novel epitomizes Kingsley's categoric belief that England's Germanic background played a primary role in the nation's historical development. "It is also central to an appreciation of Kingsley's work as an historical novelist, for in it he attempts to examine the concept of a national hero and to relate heroism to national experience" (165). 
Hereward the Wake ; Novels ; The Roman and the Teuton ; Teutons ; Anglo-Saxons ; History . 

Uffelman, Larry K. Charles Kingsley (Boston: Twayne, 1979). 
In this book length study Uffelman focuses on Kingsley's literary achievement.  Chapter I provides an overview in which Kingsley's works are presented chronologically.  In subsequent chapters they are grouped thematically.  Uffelman declares that Kingsley, though a writer of some attractive lyrics and ballads, was a minor poet.  His main claim was as a novelist.  Though much of what he wrote was literature with a purpose, Uffelman considers "that the impact of that literature is due not so much to its purpose as to its presentation" (136). 
Overview ; Full Book Treatment ; Novels ; Poetry .

Brewer, Elizabeth.  “Morris and the ‘Kingsley Movement',” The Journal of the William Morris Society Vol. IV, No. 2 (Summer 1980): 4-17.
Brewer examines the possible influence Kingsley’s works may have had on Morris.  She believes that it is very difficult to specify categorically that there was a direct influence, though there are many instances where the thought of both men overlapped. She discusses, among others, the attack on celibacy and asceticism in The Saint’s Tragedy and Hypatia ; Kingsley’s stress on the importance of the environment in Yeast; the socio-political ideas pervading Alton Locke ; Kingsley’s belief in the value of art, an awareness of one's heritage, and the pleasures of rural life to the ordinary working man; the use of the dream device in Alton Locke ; the romance as well as the Norse element of Hypatia.
Morris, William ; Saint’s Tragedy, The ; Hypatia ; Alton Locke ; Westward Ho! ; Yeast ; Celibacy ; Social and Political Views .

Cripps, Elizabeth A.  “Lewis Carroll, and Charles and Henry Kingsley,” Jabberwocky: The Journal of the Lewis Carroll Society Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer 1980): 59-66.
Cripps considers data relating to three topics in this article: Carroll's knowledge of and interest in Kingsley and his works; Carroll's friendship with Henry Kingsley; and the parallels between The Water-Babies and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. With respect to the parallels, Cripps cautions about talking of influences, declaring that it is quite likely that two authors, themselves the product of similar backgrounds, should sometimes use the same ideas when composing a children's story. 
Carroll, Lewis ; The Water-Babies ; Kingsley, Henry .

DeLaura, David J.  “The Context of Browning’s Painter Poems: Aesthetics, Polemics, Historics,” PMLA Vol. 95, No. 3 (May 1980): 367-388. 
DeLaura contends that the neo-Catholic art thesis of Alexis François Rio as set forth in his 1836 De la poésie chrétienne is essential for an adequate interpretation of Robert Browning’s painter poems of the 1840s and 1850s.  He also discusses how Kingsley was earlier influenced by Rio’s work and argues that Kingsley’s artistic views and his rejection of the Rio thesis constituted an important source for Browning’s artistic ideas.  He examines the passage in Yeast where Kingsley has Barnakill present a Protestant view of art and a repudiation of the Roman Catholic approach to art.  He also discusses Kingsley’s treatment in Alton Locke where he “uses the context of painting to develop the more positive aspect of the new Protestant aesthetic of realism” (377).  Moreover, DeLaura, in his examination of Kingley’s review of Jameson’s 1849 Sacred and Legendary Art , sees his antipathy to Rio’s Catholic view of art to have a strong sexual basis.  In this work his “tone of intense leering and almost scurrilous derision . . . is a measure of how deeply disturbing and threatening Kingsley found the new ‘ascetic’ rewriting of art history” (377). 
Browning ; Art ; Catholicism ; Sexuality ; Yeast ; Alton Locke .

Muller, Charles H.  “The Standard Victorian Novel of Charles Kingsley and Its Relevance Today,” Communiqué   Vol. 5, No. 2 (1980): 37-46.
Kingsley's novels, according to Muller, typify three major traits of many Victorian novels: they are didactic; they are frequently sensational; they have impossibly resourceful heroes.  Though Muller finds many good points in Kingsley's novels, he considers that his art no longer has much relevance: "it is too subjective, too blatantly polemical or 'preachy', and unrealistic with its melodramatic or 'heroic' tradition" (45). 
Novels.

Evans, Rosemary.  “Hereward the Wake : An Introduction,” Aberdeen University Review Vol. 49, No. 166 (Autumn 1981): 76-79.
Evans is fulsome in her praise of Hereward the Wake (1866).  She admires its absolutely natural dialogue, its splendidly real characterization; its historical accuracy that is as correct as is reasonably possible; its fine drama, its succinctness of writing; its beauty.  “. . . the result is one of the finest novels in our literature – and one, alas, that has been passed over and neglected” (76). 
Hereward the Wake .

Harris, Styron.  Charles Kingsley, A Reference Guide (Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1981).
This is a bibliography of writings about Kingsley for the period 1848 to 1978.  Harris also provides brief annotations.  In addition, Harris provides a short introduction covering Kingsley's life and works. 
Overview ; Bibliography of Secondary Works .

Keep, David J.  “The Theology of Charles Kingsley’s Village Sermons,” The Evangelical Quarterly Vol. LIII, No. 4 (Oct-Dec 1981): 207-215.
Keep examines Kingsley’s sermons to the congregation at Eversley during the relatively unstable social and political period 1849-1854, the time Kingsley’s own radical views and writing were at their peak.  He declares that though these village sermons were clearly written and free from theological jargon they were on the whole not very extremist nor exciting.  They were particularly limited “in their failure to deal with the profound theological questions posed by unitarianism and the questions raised by higher criticism” (214).  However, they did reveal “an optimistic eschatology that God was working through technological progress and that change should be welcomed” (215). 
Sermons ; Preacher, Kingsley as ; Eversley ; Religion ; Christian Socialism .

Redmond, Gerald.  “Before Hughes and Kingsley: The Origins and Evolution of ‘Muscular Christianity’ in English Children’s Literature,” Sporting Fictions: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Birmingham (September, 1981): 8-35.
From a thorough examination of earlier children’s literature, Redmond argues that the presentation of the notion of muscular Christianity in the novels of Kingsley and Hughes is the culmination of a trend that began in the eighteenth century.  Contrary to much opinion, neither Kingsley nor Hughes were the founders of this doctrine.  Redmond contends that certain elements of muscular Christianity may be found in the works of such authors as Rousseau, George Mogridge, William Howitt, William Clarke, William Martin, S.G. Goodrich, Frederick Marryat, Maria Edgeworth, Dorothy Kilner, Harriet Martineau, Catherine Sinclair, among others.  “. . . as far as muscular Christianity is concerned, Hughes and Kingsley may have reaped the harvest, but the seeds were planted and the crop carefully tended by many lesser-known laborers beforehand” (30). 
Muscular Christianity ; Hughes, Thomas .

Stolzenback, Mary M. “The Water Babies : An Appreciation,” Mythlore Vol. 8, No. 2 (1981): 20
Praises the story of The Water-Babies and declares that it still holds interest for students of mythopoeic fiction. 
The Water-Babies .

Ison, Mary M.  “Things Nobody Ever Heard Of: Jessie Willcox Smith Draws the Water-Babies,” The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress Vol. 39, No. 2 (1982): 90-101.
In this illustrated article Ison discusses the thirteen color drawings in oil, charcoal, and pastel made by Jessie Willcox Smith for a 1916 edition of The Water-Babies .  She praises the illustrations declaring that they “invest the water-babies with such reality as to provide credence to Kingsley’s story” (101). 
The Water-Babies ; Illustrations ; Smith, Jessie Willcox .

Leinster-MacKay, Donald and Finkelstein, Mark.  “‘Jean Paul’ Richter, Charles Kingsley and Education: A Case for European Influence on English Education?" ANZHES Journal Vol. 11, No. 2 (1982): 37-47.
Leinster-MacKay and Finkelstein examine Kingsley the educationist.  They argue that it is likely that Kingsley’s educational views may have been strongly influenced by those of Jean Paul Richter (1763-1825).  They focus on four principal themes in establishing the links: a) stress on the vernacular rather than the classics; b) the child’s need of a loving environment; c) manliness and moral education; d) the education of females.  In these areas both Richter and Kingsley “were largely in a state of intellectual congruence and as such, show in no uncertain manner, a similar Rousseauvian flavour as heirs to the naturalistic philosophy of education” (46). 
Education ; Richter, Jean Paul .

Wijesinha, Rajiva. The Androgynous Trollope: Attitudes to Women Amongst Early Victorian Novelists (University Press of America, 1982).
From a study of his novels Wijesinha concludes that Kingsley held that woman's primary role was to attach herself to a man and to serve him.  Woman was made for man.  Man was to guide and control, woman was an instrument.
Females ; Novels .

Beer, Gillian.  Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983).
Beer considers Kingsley's debt to Darwin and the evolutionary theories in his works, particularly The Water-Babies .  The latter novel, Beer points out, echoes how Darwin's natural order reflects such features of Victorian society as division of labor, competition, and family structures.  Kingsley also follows to a certain degree Darwin's challenge to Malthusian theories.  Like Darwin, Kingsley disputes Malthus by regarding profusion and hyper-productivity as good and in his account of the evolutionary process of the once excluded Tom he challenges Malthusian social theory.  "In its unguarded and unanalytic response to Darwin's ideas and rhetoric, Kingsley's work represents the first phase of assimilation.  He grasped much of what was fresh in Darwin's ideas while at the same time retaining a creationist view of experience" (138). 
Darwin ; Evolution ; Malthus ; The Water-Babies .

Cripps, Elizabeth A. "Introduction," Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet: An Autobiography (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1983): vii-xx.
Cripps introduces Alton Locke by considering the context of the troubled Chartist times in which it was both written and set.  She also briefly discusses the novel's publication history, its reception by the critics, and its representation of many of Kingsley's social and political views.  She regrets on literary grounds that Kingsley revised the Cambridge part of the novel.  Praising for the most part the characterization in the novel, Cripps also lauds its graphic depictions. 
Alton Locke ; Chartism ; Social and Political Novel ; Social and Political Views ; Cambridge University ; Characterization in Novels . 

FitzPatrick, P. J.  “Newman’s Apologia: Was Kingsley Right?,” in T. R. Wright, John Henry Newman: A Man for Our Time? (Newcastle: Grevatt and Grevatt, 1983): 28-36.
FitzPatrick analyzes the Kingsley-Newman controversy and particularly the charges laid by Kingsley against Newman’s veracity and Newman’s responses to them.  He contends that while Kingsley was unsubtle and perhaps unbalanced, his charges were substantive and ones Newman found difficult to answer.  “. . . time and again, Newman’s replies are inadequate; and [Kingsley] did point, however imperfectly, to deficiencies in Newman’s ways of thinking” (28). 
Newman Controversy ; Catholicism .

Parker, Christopher.  “English Historians and the Opposition to Positivism,” History and Theory Vol. XXII, No. 2  (May 1983): 120-145.
Parker discusses Kingsley’s views on the philosophy of history, especially as set out in his 1860 inaugural lecture as Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge, “The Limits of Exact Science as Applied to History”.  Though Kingsley supported the increased use of scientific methods in historical research in order to seek more order, a natural instinct, he nevertheless represented “a potent fear of order and prediction, a fear of the future and therefore, of knowledge of the future and of a predetermined future” (128).  Kingsley, according to Parker, considered it almost blasphemy to seek complete understanding of God’s laws.  Still, Kingsley recognized the role of the individual, and that of the genius who could reshape man’s destinies.  Though his views on the role of the genius are unclear, perhaps deliberately, they, declares Parker, “anticipated Nietzsche” (129). 
History ; “The Limits of Exact Science as Applied to History” .

Scott, Patrick.  "Charles Kingsley," in Dictionary of Literary Biography , Volume 21.  Victorian Novelists Before 1885 . Edited by Ira B. Nadel and William E. Fredeman (Detroit: Gale, 1983): 195-207.
This follows the usual format of the DLB .  A bibliography of Kingsley’s own works is followed by an account of his life interspersed with an analysis of his major writings, in this case his novels.  A short secondary bibliography is appended.  Several illustrations are also provided.  Scott sums up Kingsley the novelist as follows: ‘If Kingsley never wrote a great work or an unflawed masterpiece, he can now, in light of the new biographical evidence, be recognized as a writer of considerable psychological complexity, one who produced searching and imaginative responses to some of the central issues of the late 1840s” (206). 
Overview ; Novels ; Alton Locke ; Yeast ; Westward Ho! ; Two Years Ago ; Hypatia ; Hereward the Wake .

Townsend, John Rowe. Written for Children: An Outline of English-language Children's Literature(New York: Lippincott, 1983; first published 1965): 94-100.
Townsend discusses Kingsley as a writer of children’s literature, paying particular attention to The Water-Babies .  This work, especially the earlier chapters, though powerful was imperfect mainly due to its plentiful “dross”. Townsend considers this “marred masterpiece” (100) one of the uncommon instances of children’s books when an edited version is preferable to the original. 
The Water-Babies ; Children .

Coles, Nicholas.  "Charles Kingsley," in Dictionary of Literary Biography , Volume 32: Victorian Poets Before 1850 . Edited by William E. Fredeman (Detroit: Gale, 1984): 182-190.
In this DLB chapter Coles provides an overview of Kingsley’s life interspersed with a review of his writings, particularly his poetry.  There is a bibliography of Kingsley’s own works together with a short secondary bibliography.  There are also several illustrations.  Coles writes that “Kingsley’s literary career was marked by oscillation among genres rather than by steady development: his dominant themes, however, remained constant.  He was only occasionally a poet and, after a bout of experimentation, worked most successfully in simple established forms.  His longest-lasting pieces were the lyrics which John Hullah set to music” (189). 
Overview ; Poetry ; Saint’s Tragedy, The .

Muller, Charles H. “The Christian Didactics and the Sermons of  Charles Kingsley,” Communiqué   Vol. 9, No. 1 (1984): 14-44.
In a lengthy article Muller declares that Kingsley the preacher was essentially a teacher.  He examines Kingsley’ style of preaching, his didactic methodology, and his socio-theological didactics.  He declares that Kingsley was a forceful and emotional preacher, sometimes dynamic and dramatic, but frequently lacking in incisive intellectual argumentation.  When he expounded Scripture and taught about God, whether he preached to the unsophisticated in Eversley or to royals at the Chapel Royal or Windsor, he was invariably didactic.  He was consistent in his didactic material: “the statutes of a loving but just God.  God is often revealed as severe and terribly exacting.  But there are times when God is seen as the author of benevolence and mercy” (33).  Muller declares that the didactic purpose of Kingsley’s sermons is primarily ethical-moral.  “It teaches, essentially, that there can be no change in the social order, no purposeful progress towards the perfect realization of God’s kingdom on earth, without a spiritual revolution first taking place within the heart and life of the individual.  Freedom from sin will mean a new spiritual democracy, when men have the strength to resist sin and choose the right” (39).
Sermons ; Preacher, Kingsley as ; Didacticism ; Religion . 

Wright, C. J.  “'My Darling Baby': Charles Kingsley's Letters to His Wife,” The British Library Journal Vol. 10 (Autumn 1984): 147-157. 
Wright provides an overview of the British Library collection of the letters of Kingsley to his wife Fanny. 
Kingsley, Fanny ; Letters .

Bellows, Donald.  “A Study of British Conservative Reaction to the American Civil War,” The Journal of Southern History Vol. 51, No. 4. (Nov., 1985): 505-526.
Bellows declares that the racially prejudiced Kingsley believed that if the Southern states seceded in the American Civil War the slaves would be better off.  Then the South would be forced by English public opinion to treat the blacks better.  In Two Years Ago Kingsley argued that the free soil idea was preferable to slavery's abolition.  Once slavery was no longer allowed to expand, it would die. 
America ; American Civil War ; Slavery ; Racial Prejudices .

Carpenter, Humphrey.  “Parson Lot Takes a Cold Bath: Charles Kingsley and The Water-Babies ,” in his Secret Gardens: A Study of the Golden Age of Children’s Literature (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985): 23-43.
In this chapter Carpenter provides an overview of Kingsley’s life and works.  He suggests that Kingsley’s overt heterosexuality may not have been so real as he indicates in his letters to his wife.  He praises The Water-Babies for its innovation and readability but considers that it is also greatly muddled by its multitudinous social and political commentaries.  Quite different from anything else in the history of children’s literature, declares Carpenter, “it was both brilliant and a failure, self-contradictory, muddled, inspiring, sentimental, powerfully argumentative, irrationally prejudiced, superbly readable” (24). 
Overview ; Children ; Sexuality ; The Water-Babies .

Cunningham, Valentine. "Soiled Fairy: The Water-Babies in its Time," Essays in Criticism Vol. XXXV, No. 2 (April 1985): 121-48. 
Cunningham analyzes many of the causes and issues Kingsley treats with heat and hysteria in The Water-Babies declaring that they frequently coincide with the age’s heatedness and hysterias for these causes and issues. Cunningham also discusses The Water-Babies’ various affinities to other classic fairy-story motifs. 
The Water-Babies ; Social and Political Views ; Fairy-Story Motifs ; Sanitation ; Cheap Clothes and Nasty ; Glaucus; Religion .

Gallagher, Catherine. “The Tailor Unraveled: The Unaccountable ‘I’ in Kingsley’s Alton Locke: Tailor and Poet” in The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction: Social Discourse and Narrative Form 1832-1867 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985): 88-110.
Gallagher argues that Kingsley often displays contradictory opinions on free will in his writings. For example, Alton Locke , stressing the complexity of the issue of freedom, reveals more ambivalence about causality than any other industrial novel. "For Kingsley chose a form that expressed his Romantic faith in a free will benevolently reconciled with God-given circumstances; however, his reforming purpose led him to add incongruous elements, suggestions of negative environmental determinism, to that form. The resulting contradiction is neither avoided nor suppressed nor resolved in the narrative, for Kingsley’s form encourages the narrator to review the free will/determinism controversy obsessively throughout the book” (89). 
Alton Locke ; Free Will .

Kijinski, John L. “Charles Kingsley's Yeast : Brotherhood and the Condition of England,” VIJ: Victorians Institute Journal Vol. 13 (1985): 97-109.
In his analysis of the novel Yeast Kijinski declares that the novel despite its "bland didacticism" is very representative of the period, the hungry forties.  He argues that the novel also provides a strong insight into a commonly held ideological stance of the time, namely that the growing antipathy between the haves and the have-nots might be improved without force, unions, redistribution of wealth if only all social classes acted sympathetically and humanely in the true belief that everyone is a member of the same common family. 
Yeast ; Social and Political Novel ; Social and Political Views ; Catholicism .

Muller, Charles H.  “ Westward Ho! -- Sermon in the Guise of  Adventure,” UNISA English Studies Vol. 23, No. 1 (1985): 15-20.
Muller argues that Kingsley’s primary purpose in Westward Ho! was a moral one, the reinforcement of English Protestant values. The adventure story was clearly secondary to the delineation of the characters’ virtues and sins.  In addition to Kingsley’s own sermonizing commentary, the characters epitomize Christian and moral purpose.  For example, Eustace personifies moral failure, Amyas typifies perfect Christian ideals.  Such themes as self-rule, personal or self sacrifice, and divine providence pervade the novel.  Muller also stresses the important virtuous and moral qualities as depicted in the novel’s women characters, Amyas’s mother, Mrs Leigh, Rose Salterne, Ayacanora.  Kingsley’s message, according to Muller, “to all his masculine readers is, to value the spiritualising love of woman; and to his women readers, to emulate the spiritual example of this perfect Christian woman” (20). 
Westward Ho! ; Moral Lessons ; Females ; Characterization in Novels .

Parrish, Geoffrey.  “Kingsley and a Victorian View of Miracles,” Faith and Freedom Vol. 38, No. 114, Part 3 (Autumn 1985): 151-157.
Parrish examines Kingsley’s view of miracles as expressed in Alton Locke .  It is probable that it is Kingsley’s own view that Dean Winstay expresses, namely that science and revealed religion, though separate, are complementary sources of knowledge, each enjoying its own sphere of competence.  Parrish makes three points concerning Kingsley’s opinion on miracles.  “There must be a theistic interpretation of the universe, there must be a belief in the Incarnation, and from these two there comes the conviction that if Jesus is what Christians believe him to be, he can do what others cannot, because he knows what the laws of nature really are” (156). 
Miracles ; Alton Locke ; Religion ; Science .

Tozer, Malcolm. "Charles Kingsley and the 'Muscular Christian' Ideal of Manliness," Physical Education Review Vol. 8, No. 1 (1985): 35-40.
Tozer sketches Kingsley’s life and works paying particular attention to his views on manliness and its relation to muscular Christianity.  He declares that Kingsley was the individual who was most responsible for acquainting the English with the Romantic, Christian and Chivalric ideal of manliness, the ideal that had such a strong influence on the subsequent development of games and outdoor pursuits in education. 
Overview ; Manliness ; Muscular Christianity ; Education .

Vance, Norman.  The Sinews of the Spirit: The Ideal of Christian Manliness in Victorian Literature and Religious Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
Vance devotes two chapters to Kingsley's life, thought, and literary works paying particular attention to themes of the relationship of manliness to religion in his novels.  "Christian manliness was not just an ideal in Kingsley's fiction, it was the basis of his practical work as pastor, teacher and reformer and the essence of his life and experience" (107). 
Overview ; Yeast ; Alton Locke ; Hypatia ; Westward Ho! ; Two Years Ago ; Hereward the Wake ; Muscular Christianity ; Manliness ; Newman Controversy .

Young, Michael.  “History as Myth: Charles Kingsley's Hereward the Wake,” Studies in the Novel Vol. XVII, No. 2 (Summer 1985): 174-188. 
Young considers Hereward the Wake to be a work of “secular scripture”.  Its aim “is to assert, after the fact, the inevitability of Britain’s rise through history to the status of preeminent world power; to confirm the rightness of this rise; to confer authority on it by linking it both by secular precedent and divine origin; and to project it onto a limitless future by presenting the embodiment of the national enterprise, the empire, as prefiguring the millennium, reunifying the divine and the secular” (174). 
Hereward the Wake ; History ; History as Myth .

Brown, David.  “Prevailing Attitudes Towards Sport, Physical Exercise and Society in the 1870s: Impressions from Canadian Periodicals,” Canadian Journal of History of Sport Vol. 17, No. 2 (Dec. 1986): 58-70.
From a study of Canadian periodicals Brown concludes that there was a distinct link between, one the one hand, the prevalence in Victorian Canada of muscular Christianity and an emphasis on sport and, on the other, the works of Kingsley as well as of Thomas Hughes. 
Muscular Christianity ; Sport .

Gay, Peter. The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. Vol. II.  The Tender Passion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
Gay discusses Kingsley’s strong preoccupation with sex as practiced in his own personal life, the erotic origins of his love of nature, and his conviction of the theological importance of the sexual function in marriage. Gay also considers Fanny Kingsley’s own keen sexual appetites. 
Sexuality ; Kingsley, Fanny .

Hawley, John C., S.J.  “Responses to Charles Kingsley's Attack on Political Economy,” Victorian Periodicals Review Vol. XIX, No. 4 (Winter 1986): 131-137.
Hawley discusses the reaction Kingsley and his political and social views received from the contemporary periodicals with particular attention to the responses during the Parson Lot and the Christian Socialist period. 
Reception of Kingsley's Works ; Christian Socialism ; Social and Political Views .

Hertz, Alan. “The Broad Church Militant and Newman's Humiliation of Charles Kingsley,” Victorian Periodicals Review Vol. XIX, No. 4 (Winter 1986): 141-9.
Hertz considers the role of the editors of  Macmillan’s Magazine in permitting the inclusion of Kingsley’s slander of Newman.  He argues that David Masson, the editor, and Alexander Macmillan himself failed to protect Kingsley, and themselves, from his bigotry and from Newman’s consummate skill.  He shows that “What, Then, Does Dr. Newman Mean?” was essentially a group effort where Kingsley was aided by experienced controversialists who did not succeed in assessing his chances of success adequately.  Hertz also discusses the contemptuous review of the Apologia by Froude in Fraser’s Magazine which caused Froude and Kingsley to be bound more closely together than ever before.  Overall, the outcome, declares Hertz, was pejorative:  “The failure of Macmillan and Masson to save Kingsley from his own prejudice and impetuosity led to the weakening of progressive journalism and the impoverishment of Liberal intellectual discourse” (148). 
Macmillan’s Magazine ; Newman Controversy ; Froude ; Maurice .

Jay, Elizabeth.  Faith and Doubt in Victorian Britain (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1986).
Jay briefly discusses Kingsley’s dislike of Roman Catholicism and Tractarianism. 
Catholicism ; Oxford Movement (Tractarianism) .

Loesberg, Jonathan. Fictions of Consciousness: Mill, Newman, and the Reading of Victorian Prose (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986).
Loesberg discusses the origin and development of the Kingsley-Newman controversy.  He contends that Newman essentially “slyly” baited Kingsley into making the precise criticism that was the most appropriate for Newman to reply to.  It was not a simple matter of an innocent Newman replying to a strong bigoted attack. “Still, he did no more than put Kingsley in a position in which Kingsley already felt comfortable.  Newman’s effort was not really to occupy the firmest ground he could, but simply the most pertinent.  Kingsley’s original accusation was the most easily refutable but also the least resonant.  To make his defense polemical, his autobiography an expression of his philosophy, Newman needed to confront the issues of consistency and honesty.  To bring the issues to the forefront, he did no more than nudge Kingsley in the direction of making clear what he had already implied in the original libel” (131). 
Newman Controversy ; Catholicism .

Mendilow, Jonathan.  The Romantic Tradition in British Political Thought   (Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble, 1986).
Mendilow examines aspects of Kingsley’s political philosophy and discusses some primary influences on its development: Carlyle, Shelley, Byron, Maurice, Wordsworth, Southey, Burns, Owen.  He also stresses Kingsley’s advocacy of increased State involvement in a variety of societal spheres, for example a special ministry for sanitation, broad-ranging laws regulating employer-employee relations, an emigration scheme, more State involvement in education.  For Kingsley a paternal government “would orchestrate the different sections of the people to produce the harmonious composition of a good society” (180). 
Social and Political Views ; Political Thought, Influences on his ; Carlyle ; Maurice; St. Elizabeth of Hungary .

Muller, Charles H.  “ The Heroes : Kingsley’s Moral Lessons,” Textures Vol. 2 (1986): 37-44.
Muller sees The Heroes , Kingsley’s retelling of the Greek legends, as “almost undisguised moral lessons.  This is clear from the biblical style, the personal addresses to the reader, the moral stance and numerous moral dictums and exhortations spun around the old Greek heroes who are presented as models of positive initiative, daring, courage and majesty – moral models for the young reader to admire and emulate” (37). 
Heroes, The ; Moral Lessons ; Religion ; Manliness ; Females .

Muller, Charles H.  “Spiritual Evolution and Muscular Theology: Lessons from Kingsley’s Natural Theology,” Studies in English Vol. 15 (March 1986): 24-34.
Kingsley’s understanding of the relationship between science and religion is quite straightforward according to Muller.  The natural world for Kingsley everywhere reveals the work of God; everything physical is but a reflection of the Eternal Realities.  The work of the scientist is essentially a glorification of the Creator.  “As a religious thinker, Kingsley was deductive and intuitive in his logic; as a scientific thinker, he was inductive, seeing the infinite in the finite, or maxima in minimis , as exemplified by the wonders of creation in so lowly a creature as the spider-crab.  In seeing the divine mirrored in a pebble or spore, however, he was combining a scientific and religious vision of life –   uniting the function of the microscope and the telescope, as it were” (31). 
Science ; Religion ; Nature ; Natural theology ; Glaucus.

Muller, Charles H.  “ The Water Babies : Moral Lessons for Children.” UNISA English Studies Vol. 24, No. 1 (1986): 12-17.
Muller discusses the numerous biblical and moral lessons in The Water-Babies and the work’s patent allegorical and didactic significance. However, he stresses that the fable’s major aim is to assert God’s abiding love and the ever presence of divine providence. 
The Water-Babies ; Moral Lessons ; Children ; Religion .

Savory, Jerold.  “Charles Kingsley in Vanity Fair and Once a Week," Victorian Periodicals Review Vol. XIX, No. 4.  (Winter 1986): 137-140.
Savory examines cartoon caricature portraits of Kingsley that appeared in two influential journals in 1872, the literary journal Vanity Fair and the literary miscellany Once a Week .   The commentary accompanying the drawings was generally complimentary. 
Cartoon Caricatures of Kingsley ; Reception of Kingsley's Works .

Uffelman, Larry K.  “Kingsley’s Hereward the Wake : From Serial to Book,” Victorians Institute Journal Vol. 14 (1986): 147-156.
Kingsley, according to Uffelman, very carefully revised the text of his last novel in its original serial form for its publication as a book.  Published first in the Protestant journal Good Words, Hereward displays throughout Kingsley’s hatred for effete, feminine monasticism and by extension Roman Catholicism.  However, Uffelman shows that Kingsley as he made revisions for publishing the novel in book form toned down some of his more venomous passages “tempering his story to fit a different medium and to appeal to the taste of a more liberal publisher," Macmillan (155). 
Hereward the Wake ; Macmillan's ; Catholicism ; Publication .

Uffelman, Larry, and Patrick Scott.  “Kingsley's Serial Novels, II: The Water-Babies ,” Victorian Periodicals Review Vol. XIX, No. 4 (Winter 1986): 122-131.
Uffelman and Scott, utilizing the Macmillan archive in the British Library, examine the revision into book form of The Water-Babies , first published serially from August 1862 to March 1863 in eight monthly episodes in Macmillan’s Magazine .  The revisions were extensive and included a softening of style and mood from the adult oriented text in Macmillan’s Magazine to one more suitable for children, a tempering of the serial version’s anti-Americanism, and, most important, “the systematic introduction of a new character, the old Irishwoman, to link together the real world of the opening with the spiritual and fantasy world of the Water-Babies” (122). 
The Water-Babies ; Publication ; Macmillan’s Magazine ; Anti-Americanism .

Haynes, Roslynn D. "The Multiple Functions of Alton Locke 's Dreamland," Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens Vol. 25 (April 1987): 29-37.
Though Haynes considers that Alton Locke has less literary merit than certain other condition of England novels such as Hard Times, Sybil, Felix Holt , and Mrs. Gaskell's industrial novels, she believes that the dreamland sequence in chapter 36 renders it unique and of special interest.  She is particularly impressed with Kingsley's knowledge of the mechanism of dreams.  In addition, she praises Kingsley's presentation in this chapter of evolutionary theories nine years before the publication of Origin of Species as well as what she considers a very sophisticated characterization of Alton himself. 
Alton Locke; Evolution .

Maynard, John.  “Victorian Discourses on Sexuality and Religion,” University of Hartford Studies in Literature Vol. 19, Nos 2 & 3 (1987): 61-69.
For Kingsley, according to Maynard, religion and sexuality are thoroughly intermingled.  His dislike of Newman stemmed in large part from his strong aversion to religious celibacy.  However, all forms of sexual license for Kingsley were anathema.  The proper place for sexuality was within marriage, with only one marriage in a lifetime.  “Celibacy is religion without sex; licentiousness, sex without religion.  The via media for Kingsley, married religious sexuality, allows one unified discourse: married sexuality repairs the Fall and leads us from earth to heaven, which is only more – and more intensely – of the same” (63).  Kingsley also depicts competing types of sexuality in certain of his writings.  For example, in Hypatia the struggle between the intellectual views of different religious groups in 5th century Alexandria may be seen as just as much a competition of opposite sexual styles.  Similarly, Westward Ho! may be understood from the standpoint of opposite sexual religious world views as the conflict “between chaste, successful Protestants and lewd, unsuccessful Spanish Catholics” (64). 
Religion ; Sexuality ; Celibacy ; Hypatia ; Westward Ho! .

Smith, Sheila, and Peter Denman. “Mid-Victorian Novelists,” in Arthur Pollard (ed.) The Victorians (New York: Peter Bedrick, 1987, c. 1970): 239-285.
Smith and Denman survey Kingsley’s novels.  Yeast and Alton Locke are his best.  Yeast was the first novel devoted to the notion that unsanitary conditions and disease existed in the countryside as well as in the towns and cities.  A “courageous” novel, it also provided some indication “of the sexual squalor of the poor” (254, 253).  Though radical views are expressed in the novel, Smith and Denman declare that Kingsley did not believe in democracy.  “In his novels, as in Disraeli’s, the independence of the lower orders must be achieved within the existing class-structure” (255).  Though Alton Locke has powerful scenes, its propaganda takes precedence over the novel and its characters. Though Two Years Ago has some good scenes, it is a “long-winded novel” (260).  Smith and Denman have little positive to say of Hypatia and Westward Ho! , but state that The Water-Babies is Kingsley’s “most attractive book” (260).  “Charles Kingsley is a minor novelist, but in Yeast, Alton Locke and Two Years Ago he helped to extend the novel’s subject matter, and to make it more serious, more concerned with reality.  He saw God, Heaven and Hell in human terms.  This was an asset to him as a novelist, and gave substance to his novels” (261). 
Novels ; Yeast ; Alton Locke ; Two Years Ago ; Hypatia ; Westward Ho! ; Social and Political Views .

Walsh, Susan A.  “Darling Mothers, Devilish Queens: The Divided Woman in Victorian Fantasy,” The Victorian Newsletter No. 72 (Fall 1987): 32-36.
Walsh discusses the treatment of women in The Water-Babies .  Mrs Doasyouwouldbedoneby, a nurturing spirit, is kindness and gentleness personified and loved by all babies.  She even “suffers the little children to come to her in a somewhat cloying version of the New Testament invitation” (33).  On the other hand, Mrs Bedonebyasyoudid, though compassionate, has the task of being strict and tough.  She enforces morals and provides retribution to those who don’t measure up to proper high standards.  The enigmatic Mother Carey combines the soft kindness of Mrs Doasyouwouldbedoneby and the ancient austerity of Mrs Bedonebyasyoudid.  Though amazingly fertile and fecund, she “suggests a kind of spontaneous, ceaseless birth that is also removed and static” (33).  Accordingly, declares Walsh, one may easily discern “in these dual personifications the division perceived by countless Romantic and Victorian writers within the female figure itself, as gentle monitress on the one hand, and sleepless moral enforcer on the other” (33). 
The Water-Babies ; Females .

Bodenheimer, Rosemarie.  The Politics of Story in Victorian Social Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988): 135-150.
Bodenheimer declares that the chaotic nature of Alton Locke is due to the novel's original composition.  It was written during 1849 and 1850 in “unchronological fragments” (135).  Kingsley displays an acute ambivalence throughout the work.  His middle class sensibility fired by class sympathy results in “something like pathology” (137). "Alton Locke oscillates wildly between its commitment to the circumstances of working-class life and its yearning for a pastoral world, until it finally collapses into a dream vision that resolves the conflict by changing the meanings of its original terms.  In the process Kingsley inadvertently deconstructs the ideological opposition between social conflict and pastoral harmony, producing versions of pastoral that reveal on the one hand its reliance on aristocratic society and on the other its evolutionary connection with human drives to lust and power” (135). 
Alton Locke ; Social and Political Views ; Characterization in Novels .

Hoagwood, Terence. “Kingsley's ‘Young and Old',” Explicator Vol. 46, No. 4 (Summer 1988): 18-21.
Hoagwood analyzes Kingsley’s "Young and Old,” the short poem sung by the kind schoolmistress at Vendale in The Water-Babies .  He shows that it is impossible for the song to be fully understood when first encountered in the book.  It is only later in the story that we recognize that the song is the old dame’s lament for her son Grimes who left her.  The realization at the end of the novel that Grimes is her son “enables us to revisit the lyric and to revise our understanding of its latent, private, and even secret significance for the grieving old dame” (19). 
‘Young and Old’ ; Poetry ; The Water-Babies .

Hawley, John C., S.J.  “ The Water Babies as Catechetical Paradigm,” Children's Literature Association Quarterly Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring 1989): 19-21.
Hawley declares that The Water-Babies has two principle functions, to entertain and to teach.  The goal of education for Kingsley was ultimately a religious one.  Little Tom’s adventures, his evolutionary progress, the lessons learned all end in religious salvation.  Kingsley also uses The Water-Babies to show that science and evolution can co-exist with religion.  “With the publication of this novel he offers his most attractive, deceptively simple presentation of the argument that all purely scientific explanations of reality would benefit by being placed in the larger context of Christian revelation” (20). 
The Water-Babies ; Religion ; Education ; Science ; Evolution .

Merrill, Lynn L. “Charles Kingsley and the Wonders of the Shore,” in her The Romance of Victorian Natural History (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
This chapter considers Kingsley the naturalist and especially his treatment of natural history in Glaucus; or, the Wonders of the Shore and to a lesser extent in The Water-Babies. Merrill shows that Kingsley was a serious and knowledgeable student of natural history and science and that his views in these areas had distinct influence on his views in such other areas as, for example, religion. 
Glaucus; Natural History ; Science ; The Water-Babies ; Nature.

Tozer, Malcolm.  “Thomas Hughes: ‘Tom Brown’ versus ‘True Manliness’,” Physical Education Review Vol. 12, No. 1 (1989): 44-48.
Tozer declares that Thomas Hughes’s Tom Brown’s Schooldays was largely responsible for the emphasis of the physical in the definition of the Victorian gentlemen and for the era’s “emerging clamour of hearty athleticism” (44).  Thus, Tozer contends, Hughes severely distorted the far broader ideal of manliness of his Christian Socialist associates, Charles Kingsley and F. D. Maurice. 
Manliness ; Hughes, Thomas ; Muscular Christianity ; Christian Socialism .

Harris, Styron.  “The 'Muscular Novel': Medium of a Victorian Ideal,” Tennessee Philological Bulletin Vol. 27 (1990): 6-13.
Harris discusses the notion of “muscular Christianity”.  It is epitomized in three dominant figures of the novels: Amyas Leigh in Westward Ho! , Tom Thurnall in Two Years Ago, and Hereward in Hereward the Wake .  Harris also discusses Kingsley’s influence on Thomas Hughes and on Hughes’s portrayal of muscular Christianity in his novels Tom Brown’s Schooldays, The Scouring of White Horse , and Tom Brown at Oxford .  Both novelists took care to distinguish the muscular Christian from one who is mere muscle and both abhorred the hero of George Alfred Lawrence’s novel Guy Livingstone who personified “muscularity without Christianity or moral considerations”.  Nevertheless, Harris agrees with David Newsome that despite their broader meaning of muscular Christianity, “the muscular novel according to Kingsley and Hughes contributed to the immense vogue of athletics from the late sixties onwards” (11). 
Muscular Christianity ; Hughes, Thomas ; Westward Ho! ; Two Years Ago ; Hereward the Wake .

Hawley, John C., S.J. “Newman the Novelist,” America Vol. 163, No. 18 (Dec 8, 1990): 455-457.
Hawley contrasts the opinions of Kingsley and Newman on marriage, sexuality, and celibacy especially as these are presented in their literary works. "In Loss and Gain and Callista Newman enshrined celibacy as a prophetic witness to the spiritual life.  Kingsley countered in his seven novels with his enshrinement of marriage as the highest Christian vocation, and coupled his praise with portrayals of celibate men and women who were fearful, untrustworthy and effeminate" (457).
Newman ; Hypatia ; Saint's Tragedy, The ; Sexuality ; Celibacy .

Horsman, Alan.  “Elizabeth Gaskell and the Kingsleys,” in his The Victorian Novel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990): 256-294.
In his brief examination of Yeast, Alton Locke, Two Years Ago, and The Water-Babies Horsman praises the clarity, the felicity and the exactitude of Kingsley's descriptive passages, qualities that make him "stand out among the minor novelists" (256).  However, he also faults Kingsley for neglecting his novel writing in favor of the pursuit of his religious and educational aims that led him to take "the short cuts of melodrama and allegory" (256).  Horsman also criticizes the didacticism pervading Kingsley's novels though he acknowledges that despite its strong didactic elements The Water-Babies comes closest to a work of the imagination. 
Yeast ; Alton Locke ; Two Years Ago ; The Water-Babies ; Novels ; Didacticism .

Manlove, Colin.  “MacDonald and Kingsley: A Victorian Contrast” in William Raeper (ed.) The Gold Thread: Essays on George MacDonald (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990): 140-162.
In this article Manlove compares and contrasts the characters, the views, and the writings of Kingsley and George MacDonald, who, he declares were arguably the only two significant writers of Christian fantasy in the Victorian period. Generally, Kingsley, whose belief and involvement in science were much greater than MacDonald's, places nature first while MacDonald chooses "supernature."  Kingsley's God is so identifiable with the works of His creation that He is only distinguishable from them by faith.  The God of MacDonald, who has a stronger sense of the supernatural and the mystical, is invariably a person, whereas for Kingsley He is a force.  Nevertheless, Manlove argues that the two writers for all their differences share a particular common bond, namely "that they chose, alone and at almost the same time in the nineteenth century, to put what they could of the divine presence in the fairy tale" (159). 
MacDonald, George ; Religion ; Science ; The Water-Babies .

Parker, Christopher. The English Historical Tradition Since 1850 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1990).
Parker briefly considers Kingsley’s philosophy of history arguing that he deemed that haphazard historical method was divinely justified. Kingsley held that history should be studied as a work of God but that it was almost blasphemous to strive for full understanding of God’s laws. The historian should not seek to know too much. 
History.

FitzPatrick, P. J. “Newman and Kingsley,” in David Nicholls and Fergus Kerr, OP (eds.) John Henry Newman: Reason, Rhetoric and Romanticism (UK: The Bristol Press, 1991): 88-108.
FitzPatrick discusses Kingsley's charges against Newman and the latter's replies to them.  He considers that the charges were more substantial than generally believed and that Newman's responses revealed "an uneasiness over evidence" and a certain looseness with veracity. 
Newman Controversy ; Catholicism .

Hawley, John C., S. J.  “Baptizing the Victorian Epimetheus,”  Science et Esprit Vol. XLIII, No. 3 (1991): 349-354.
Kingsley, declares Hawley, was unusual among Victorian clerics in being an explicit advocate of technology.  However, he was also very aware of the grave social problems, especially among the working classes, brought about by technology.  Still his main criticism was directed at the spirit of competition bred by the industrial age.  Kingsley had “a complex response to technology.  He never portrayed the pursuit of technology as a meaningful life in itself; he did, however, recognize its potential for liberating men and women to engage in such a quest” (354). 
Technology ; Science ; Social and Political Views ; Religion .

Hawley, John C., S. J.  "Charles Kingsley and the Book of Nature," Anglican and Episcopal History Vol. 61, No. 4 (December 1991): 461-479.
Hawley examines Kingsley as natural theologian and his views on the “meaning” of nature.  He discusses Kingsley’s attempt to bridge the ever widening gap between the claims of science and religion and to establish a vocabulary that would be intelligible to and supportive of both fields.  In this respect he provides a comparison of Kingsley’s views on the theological beliefs of and the search for meaning in Arnold, Huxley, and Darwin.  Kingsley’s aim, according to Hawley, “was to circumvent fears and cynicism, and to move his readers into a world of scientific endeavor and Christian cooperation.  In choosing the commitment of faith over strict empiricism he became for many, in an age of increasing dichotomy between the realms of science and religion, a model of a Christian who hoped that the truths of both would ultimately coalesce” (479). 
Nature; Science ; Religion ; Natural Theology ; Arnold, Matthew ; Huxley ; Darwin .

Hawley, John C., S.J.  “Charles Kingsley and Literary Theory of the 1850s,” Victorian Literature and Culture Vol. 19 (1991): 167-188.
Hawley discusses Kingsley's literary criticism of his own and of others' writing as well as other literary critics' views on his writings during the 1850s.  He points out that this period witnessed rapidly emerging theories of criticism that tended to be disapproving both of Kingsley's critical views and of his own creative works. In  particular, Hawley examines Kingsley's "growing anxiety to influence, an anxiety expressed in terms of the aesthetic debate of the day, but rooted in the age's religious and political questions" (168). 
Literary Criticism, Kingsley's ; Reception of Kingsley's Works .

Haynes, Roslynn D.  “Dream Allegory in Charles Kingsley and Olive Schreiner,” in Kath Filmer (ed.) The Victorian Fantasists: Essays on Culture, Society and Belief in the Mythopoeic Fiction of the Victorian Age (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991): 153-170.
Haynes discusses the “Dreamland” sequence in chapter 36 of Alton Locke .  She declares that carefully and relevantly integrated into the novel, this sequence anticipates Darwin’s work by nine years and reveals a high level of psychological understanding and mythopoeic skill.  She considers that the dream serves several functions: “character analysis, therapeutic experience . . . didactic expression of unanimity between science and religion, and cosmological statement embracing evolution, the myth of the Fall, the Christian doctrine of Redemption through suffering, and sociological parable” (161). 
Alton Locke ; Evolution .

Mendelson, Alan. “Two Glimpses of Philo in Modern English Literature: Works by Charles Kingsley and Francis Warner,” The Studia Philonica Annual: Studies in Hellenistic Judaism Vol. III (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1991): 328-343.
Mendelson examines the treatment of Philo and his views in Kingsley’s historical novel Hypatia and in his series of lectures Alexandria and Her Schools delivered at Edinburgh’s Philosophical Institution in 1854. Mendelson’s analysis also extends to Kingsley’s treatment of the Jews and Judaism. Both of the latter, writes Mendelson, are dealt with in very pejorative terms, with Kingsley consistently displaying anti-Jewish rancour and bigotry. 
Hypatia; Philo ;  Anti-semitism

Buckton, Oliver S.  “'An Unnatural State’: Gender ‘Perversion,' and Newman’s Apologia Pro Vita Sua ,” Victorian Studies Vol. 35, No. 4 (Summer 1992): 359-383.
Buckton contends that Kingsley’s profound antipathy to Newman stemmed from more than his belief in Newman’s dishonesty.  Kingsley also disliked Newman's embracing of Romanism and what he felt to be Newman's sexual ambiguity.  Moreover, Kingsley’s attitude, argues Buckton, represented opinions widespread in Victorian society.  “One is . . . justified in taking Kingsley’s views on religious faith, sexual behavior, and gender roles (such as 'manliness') as more broadly representative of mainstream British society, at the time of their conflict, than were Newman’s” (379). 
Newman Controversy ; Sexuality ; Catholicism .

Cunningham, Valentine.  “Goodness and Goods: Victorian Literature and Values for the Middle Class Reader,” Proceedings of the British Academy Vol. 78 (1992): 109-27.
Cunningham considers the treatment in Victorian literature of the relationship between the good and goods, between industrialism and its societal effects, especially those on the poor.  He declares that Kingsley was conflicted by the two sides.  On the one hand, Kingsley believed that a modernizing England required industrialism.  On the other, he was adamant that those adversely affected by industry's foul effects had to be rescued. 
Social and Political Views ; Industrialism .

Gay, Peter.  “The Manliness of Christ,” in R. W. Davis and R. J. Helmstadter (eds) Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor of R. K. Webb (London and New York: Routledge, 1992): 102-116.
Gay declares that manliness for Kingsley was intimately connected with a distinct tenderness.  Though he repeatedly castigated what he viewed as the effeminacy of the Roman Catholic and High Anglican clergy, he manifested a number of female qualities himself.  “It was this ‘feminine’ side in him that allowed Kingsley to complicate his definition of heroism by adding to muscular qualities, justice, restraint, modesty, and the readiness for self-sacrifice” (115). 
Muscular Christianity ; Manliness .

Haralson, Eric.  “James’s The American : A (New)man is Being Beaten,” American Literature Vol. 64, No. 3 (September 1992): 475-495.
Haralson examines the influence of Kingsley’s notions of manliness and muscular Christianity on Henry James’s characterization in his novels, particularly the representation of Christopher Newman in The American (1877).  Though James in his youth was drawn to aspects of the manly hero, his views were by no means identical to those of Kingsley.  “To read James’s four reviews of Kingsley between 1865 and 1877 . . .  is to watch him struggle to come to terms with a youthful enthusiasm that was fast fading” (477).  In particular, Kingsley’s anti-intellectual strain in his heroes was objectionable to James.  Still, as Haralson treats at length, James used the Kingsleyan hero as a point of departure in his depiction of Christopher Newman.  Haralson also briefly sketches the influence of Kingsley’s manly hero on James’s portrayal of such protagonists as Caspar Goodwood in The Portrait of a Lady (1881), Basil Ransom in The Bostonians (1886), and Nick Dormer in The Tragic Muse (1890). 
Manliness ; Muscular Christianity ; James, Henry .

Hawley, John C., S.J.  “Charles Kingsley and the Via Media, ” Thought: a Review of Culture and Ideas Vol. 67, No. 266 (September 1992): 287-301.
Hawley goes beyond Kingsley’s well-known contretemps with Newman and examines his numerous other struggles and interactions with a broad group of parties in the Victorian Church.  He discusses the many changes and stages in the development of Kingsley’s final religious views, arguing that despite his frequent sectarian antipathies, for example to Roman Catholicism, and his bigotry, he adopted a middle path and became a staunch advocate of moderate Anglicanism.  “In the face of opposition from virtually all quarters, Kingsley staunchly defended a position somewhere in the middle, now appealing to reason, now appealing to authority, frequently emotional and ever-insistent upon the moral imperative he grounded in Jesus of Nazareth.  He embodied in all his inconsistency an adaptable Christianity . . . a Christianity not far from today’s norm” (300). 
Religion .

Hawley, John C., S.J.  “The Muscular Christian as Schoolmarm,” in Kristine Ottesen Garrigan, Victorian Scandals: Representations of Gender and Class (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1992): 134-156.
Hawley examines Kingsley's views on the role of women in society, focusing in particular on their educational provision. Believing that the deliberately inadequate education of many young middle-class women had rendered them just as much societal victims as the children of the poor, Kingsley argued that the education of the former must be improved. Hawley declares that Kingsley held a middle ground between the conservatives who viewed women's education as essentially decorative and the progressives who considered that the male and female curriculum should be identical: "Kingsley's implied compromise endorses subjects that would turn out intelligent social workers rather than stereotypical bluestockings" (139).  Hawley also states that Kingsley's work and writings supporting improved education for women were not complemented by support for all aspects of the women's movement.  Believing in essential differences between men and women and ultimately ambivalent on the Woman Question, Kingsley was critical of women's suffrage and caricatured those women who refused to allow men to lead the movement for their rights. 
Education; Women's Movement ; Females .

McCausland, Elizabeth D.  “Dirty Little Secrets: Realism and the Real in Victorian Industrial Novels,” The American Journal of Semiotics Vol. 9, Nos. 2-3 (1992): 149-165.
McCausland discusses the role of sewage and its resultant illnesses in Alton Locke .  Sewage or excrement is also a metaphor for the waste produced by the rich after they consume all the surplus value created by the toil of the working classes.  Sewage is “a sign of the suffering of the poor, all that is left of them after the rich have devoured them; this suffering is a result of the very system which claims to be creating a prosperous and civilized England” (158). 
Alton Locke ; Sewage ; Social and Political Views .

Manlove, Colin. “Charles Kingsley: The Water-Babies,” in Christian Fantasy: From 1200 to the Present (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992): 183-208.
Manlove provides a thorough analysis of the themes and structure of The Water-Babies paying particular attention to the distinct Christian pattern of the novel’s narrative. Throughout his treatment Manlove compares and contrasts the work of Kingsley with that of George MacDonald. 
The Water-Babies ;  MacDonald, George ;  Religion

Myer, Valerie Grosvenor.  "Charles Kingsley's Hypatia : A Seminal Novel," Notes and Queries Vol. 39, No. 2 (June 1992): 179-180.
Myer writes that Dickens and Eliot were influenced by Hypatia and that there are echoes of incidents in this novel in their own Great Expectations and Daniel Deronda respectively. 
Dickens; Eliot, George .

Amigoni, David.  Victorian Biography: Intellectuals and the Ordering of Discourse (New York: St. Martin’s, 1993).
Amigoni discusses the framing statement or preface, ‘To the undergraduates of Cambridge,’ that Kingsley added to Alton Locke after his appointment to the Regius Chair of Modern History at Cambridge in 1860.  He points out that Kingsley did not confine the study of history to the examination of sources, the collecting of evidence, and the preparation of impartial and provable claims about the past.  Rather, Kingsley held that modern history is thoroughly focused on the present and what he termed the "‘conditions and opinions of our fellow-countrymen’". As Amigoni states, modern history for Kingsley “is concerned on the one hand with exploring the conditions of life experienced by people living under the social and cultural relations of the present; and on the other hand Modern History is concerned with the ‘opinions’ of these people” (77). 
Alton Locke ; History .

Fasick, Laura.  “The Failure of Fatherhood: Maleness and Its Discontents in Charles Kingsley,” Children's Literature Association Quarterly Vol. 18, No. 3 (Fall 1993): 106-111.
Fasick declares that Kingsley's ideal of hyper-masculinity coexisted with his recognition of the need of such moral qualities of humility, gentleness, and patience.  However, she contends that Kingsley, who tended to prize the former ideal more highly, found it difficult to combine these two distinct spectra and certainly failed to illustrate their union in his novels.  "Despite his homage to gentleness and patience, Kingley's real attraction is apparently to the displays of power and aggression with which he adorns his novels" (109). 
Muscular Christianity ; Manliness ; Fatherhood ; The Water-Babies ; Westward-Ho! .

Litvack, Leon B.  “Callista , Martyrdom, and the Early Christian Novel in the Victorian Age,” Nineteenth-Century Contexts Vol. 17, No. 2 (1993): 159-173.
A primary goal of Hypatia, or, New Foes with an Old Face , according to Litvack, was to question deeply held Roman Catholic principles and views of history of such as Newman and Wiseman, authors themselves of martyrological historical novels Callista (1855) and Fabiola (1854) respectively.  Kingsley throughout Hypatia , written in the early days of his growing antagonism to Newman, disparages aspects of the Patristic age and especially the 5th century when Christianity was the state religion.  By depicting the 5th century Church as corrupt and tyrannical, Kingsley was attacking the contemporary English Roman Catholic Church which was rapidly growing in influence.  “Kingsley enjoins his readers to look to themselves for justification – not to the past, in which he finds little support for his faith” (165). 
Hypatia; Catholicism ; Newman ; History .

Manlove, Colin.  “Charles Kingsley, H. G. Wells, and the Machine in Victorian Fiction,” Nineteenth-Century Literature Vol. 48, No. 2 (Sept. 1993): 212-239.
Manlove declares that apart from Samuel Butler in his Erehwon , the only important Victorian writers who focus on the central role the machine plays in life and nature are H. G. Wells, in The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds , and Kingsley, in The Water-Babies .  He argues that though The Water-Babies may appear to be a marine pastoral, machines and engines are mentioned over and over again and the animals themselves are treated as in part machines.  He considers that The Water-Babies reflects Kingsley's view that the whole order of nature functions as one great engine.  In fact, the content and the style of the novel renders it a type of organic engine itself.  "The Water-Babies is an amazing diversity of contexts, characters, and apparent irrelevancies, all bound together by secret principles that make it a machine without being a monolithic one -- indeed, it manages to fuse all the variety that Kingsley saw in nature with the purposiveness of the engine." 
Dickens ; Machine, The ; The Water-Babies .

Rapple, Brendan.  “The Motif of Water in Charles Kingsley's The Water-Babies ,” University of Mississippi Studies in English Vol. XI-XII (1993-1995): 259-71.
Kingsley uses the motif of water in The Water-Babies to preach the virtues of bathing and washing.  Cleaning the body and the inculcation of good sanitary habits is also an effective method of preventing disease.  In addition, washing with water, preferably cold water, helps the attainment of moral rectitude.  “However, the depiction of water as a cleansing agent may also be viewed in an allegorical sense, namely as purifying morally and spiritually both the individual Tom as well as the collective society. Only after Tom's baptismal washing and consequent Christian rebirth does his deeply felt wish ‘I must be clean, I must be clean’ begin to be truly satisfied.  Only after an analogous allegorical cleansing can any genuine regeneration of England occur” (269). 
The Water-Babies ; Water Motif ; Cleanliness ; Sanitation ; Religion ; Social and Political Views .

Rauch, Alan. "The Tailor Transformed: Charles Kingsley's Alton Locke and the Notion of Change," Studies in the Novel Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer 1993): 196-213.
Rauch considers Kingsley's belief that science and religion are compatible and that the study of the former could only serve to support the teachings of faith.  Both are truth seeking activities.  Kingsley also found suggestive the parallels between transformations in the natural worlds and transformations in the spiritual spheres. It is a parallel, declares Rauch, that Kingsley adapted for the character of Alton in Alton Locke .  Kingsley is drawing on the progressive transformation of forms in the natural world when he depicts the gradual change of Alton from an atheist and political agitator to a Christian with a much moderated political reform agenda. 
Science ; Religion; Change, Notion of ; Darwin ; Alton Locke ; Social and Political Views .

Adams, James Eli.  “Pater’s Muscular Aestheticism,” in Hall, Donald E. (ed.).  Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994): 215-240.
Adams argues that though many would consider that the views of Kingsley and Walter Pater have little in common and that much of Kingsley's muscularity was antipathetic to Pater, the latter's thoughts on Greece bear strong connections to Kingsley's muscular aesthetic of the male body.  In particular, Kingsley's muscular Christianity and celebration of the male body in effect constituted "an essential precedent for Pater's aestheticism" (235). 
Pater, Walter ; Manliness ; Sexuality; Greek Art ; Winckelmann .

Bloomfield, Anne.  “Muscular Christian or Mystic? Charles Kingsley Reappraised,” International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 11, No. 2 (August 1994): 172-190.
In her treatment of Kingsley’s role in the history of human movement, sport, and aesthetic gymnastics, Bloomfield examines his mystical nature and his changing views on the religiosity of body, mind and soul.  She also hypothesizes that Kingsley’s views were influenced by the work of the Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772).  She concludes that Kingsley’s work in human movement must be viewed as being more significant than his commonly accepted role in Muscular Christianity.  “Kingsley possessed a deep commitment to the mystical aspects of Christianity as well as its physical elements, and in terms of the philosophical development of human movement this accords him a place uniting two important branches of human movement, the sports ethic and the dance ethic, both of which currently stand distanced and bifurcated at polemical points within a common aesthetic field” (189). 
Muscular Christianity ; Swedenborg, Emanuel ; Sport ; Athleticism ; Sexuality .

Fasick, Laura.  "Charles Kingsley's Scientific Treatment of Gender," in Hall, Donald E. (ed.).  Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994): 91-113.
Laura Fasick examines Kingsley's representations of women against the background of the age's scientific theories, considering that his depiction of disease, unsanitary conditions, and bodily ill-treatment in his novels represents an attempt to define strict gender distinctions.  She argues that "The 'factual' basis on which Kingsley founded his concern for the maintenance of distinct gender roles was not only scientific, but specifically hygienic. . . . Kingsley is as obsessed with sexuality, for him sanctified by monogamous marriage, as with hygiene, and these interests effectively merge into one" (91). 
Females ; Sexuality; Sanitation ; Science .

Gikandi, Simon.  “Englishness, Travel, and Theory: Writing the West Indies in the Nineteenth Century,” Nineteenth-Century Contexts Vol. 18, No. 1 (1994): 49-70.
Gikandi considers Kingsley's At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies (1885) in his study of imperialist thought in English nineteenth century writers' accounts of travel to the West Indies.  He regards At Last as a "startling example" of "inherent circularity of imperial discourse" (67).  Though Kingsley went to the West Indies with liberal and Christian sympathies, he found it difficult to be objective about what he witnessed due to his theological background and intellectual tradition.  For example, he supported the strict control and supervision of the indentured Coolies, even though in England he was a strong advocate of emancipation and the creation of a '"moral bond"' between employee and employer.  Gikandi argues that Kingsley reached this conclusion about the West Indian context not because of what he saw there or because of his understanding of the Coolies' own views and perspectives.  "Rather the traveler reaches his conclusions from three mutually informing sources: official reports (both oral and written), intellectual Orientalism, and evolutionary doctrines" (67).  In common with other Victorian travel writers Kingsley was "already animated by existing themes and delimited by discursive regulations" (67). 
At Last ; Travel Writing ; West Indies ; Imperialism ; Colonialism ; Froude .

Rosen, David. "The Volcano and the Cathedral: Muscular Christianity and the Origins of Primal Manliness," in Hall, Donald E. (ed.).  Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994): 17-44.
David Rosen provides a lengthy analysis of the development of Kingsley's views on muscular Christianity and manliness. He stresses that these were complex, many-sided notions and that Kingsley's views on these topics, as well as his practical involvement in complementary areas, continuously evolved throughout his life. Rosen argues that among the many influences on Kingsley's concept of manliness was the notion of Platonic thumos which Kingsley considered was a primal manly force, the root of all virtue and which was manifested through sex, fighting, and morality. Rosen contends that Kingsley's views on manliness and related topics were highly influential and that diverse notions of Anglo-American masculinity from the mid-nineteenth century to the present owe much to Kingsley. 
Manliness ; Muscular Christianity ; Sexuality ; Plato ; Carlyle ; Hughes, Thomas .

Wallace, Jo-Ann “De-Scribing The Water-Babies : ‘The Child’ in Post-Colonial Theory,” in Chris Tiffin and Alan Lawson (eds.) De-Scribing Empire: Post-colonialism and Textuality (London and New York: Routledge, 1994): 171-184.
Wallace argues that whereas the child in The Water-Babies is the center of educational, social reform and imperialist debate, he is depoliticized in the 1984 abridged Puffin Classics edition and repoliticized in Jamaica Kincaid’s 1983 short story ‘Wingless’.  The Puffin edition, mirroring post-colonialist guilt, “is paradigmatic of ‘the West’s’ continuing and contradictory investment in a vision of child hood as a universal unmarked by class, place, or history”.  However, ‘Wingless’, “disallows such a disavowal of historical and geographical specificity by returning both the text of The Water-Babies and the child reader to colonialist history” (182). 
The Water-Babies ; Kincaid, Jamaica ; Imperialism ; Colonialism ; Children.

Wee, C. J. W.-L. "Christian Manliness and National Identity: The Problematic Construction of a Racially 'Pure' Nation," in Hall, Donald E.  (ed.).  Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994): 66-88.
Wee discusses how Kingsley used the innovative treatment of the relationship of Christianity to race and cultural history in the novels Alton Locke and Westward Ho! "in a process of national self-definition, through what might be called 'cultural nationalism'." Wee argues that in doing so "Kingsley also reveals the problems surrounding the construction of a pure national-imperial identity based on racial and religious heritage, as he attempted to propagate the potent but unstable image of a masculine, charismatic, and authoritative Englishman who stands as a representative of a resolutely Anglo-Saxon and Protestant nation-empire" (67). 
Yeast; Westward Ho! ; Manliness ; Muscular Christianity ; Imperialism ; Racial Prejudices ; Social and Political Views .